1. Population Geography
WG 5, 6, 11a-c

2. What factors influence population distribution?
Environmental factors
What type of natural resources are in the area? Does it have oil, or arable land or access to water?
What is the climate like?
Does it have capital resources such as transportation and technology?

3. Economic factors Political factors
What is the economic development like?
What are the resources like?
Political factors
What is the government policy?
Are there many conflicts?
Is it a rural/urban area?

4. What are the characteristics of human populations?
Birth and Death rates
How many people per 1000 are born or die in a year?
Age Distribution
How many people are in each age category?

8. Total Fertility Rate - the average number of children a women will have in her childbearing years. This rate varies from just over 1 (Japan, Italy) to around 7 (Niger, Mali). The U.S. rate is 2.
Palestinian Territories
Fertility Rate
7.39
7.00
6.43
6.46
5.99
5.57
2.1 is generally regarded as the replacement rate (the rate at which a population neither grows nor shrinks) in the developed world. In less developed countries this rate should be higher to account for so many children not reaching childbearing age.
U.K.
Total fertility rate
1.72
1.80
1.81
1.78
1.70
1.66
Africa
Fertility Rate
6.60
6.45
6.11
5.67
5.26
4.97

9. Male / Female distribution
Are there more males or more females? Why?
Life Expectancy
How old can you expect to live?
Infant Mortality
How many children die before their second birthday?

10. Infant Mortality Rate – the number of deaths of children under the age of one per thousand live births. The rate ranges from as low as 3 (Singapore, Iceland) to as much as 150 (Sierra Leone, Afghanistan). The U.S. rate is just over 6. High infant mortality tends to result in higher fertility rates as families seek “insurance” for the loss of children.

11. Birth Control Programs
One family/one child policies
Female infanticide
Social compensation fees
Sterilization
Loss of status
Termination healthcare/food coupons
Free birth control
Increased literacy

12. World Death Rates Infectious diseases Degenerative diseases
HIV/AIDS
SARS
Degenerative diseases
Obesity
Tobacco use
Epidemiology
Epidemiological transition

13. Rates of Natural Increase

14. Doubling Times
The doubling time is the number of years before a population will be twice as large as it is today.
World = 50
U.S. = 34
MDC = 543
LDC = 40
Honduras = 22
Belize = 19
Denmark = 700
Russia = never?

15. What factors influence population growth rates?
Does the country have modern medicine and hygiene practices?
What is the average level of education?
Is the country industrialized and do the people live in urban areas?

16. What is the level of economic development
What is the level of economic development? Does the country have a primary, secondary, or tertiary economy?
What is the government’s policy toward growth? Are there any restrictions?
What role do women play in the society?

17. Urban / Rural GDP Ethnicity
Where do most people live? In the city/country?
GDP
Is the country’s GDP high or low?
Ethnicity
Does the population have one dominate ethnicity or many and do they get along?

18. Language
Do the people speak one language or do they have multiple languages?
Religion
Do the people share the same religion or do they have multiple ones?
Education
Are the people highly educated?

24. MODELS OF POPULATION GROWTH

25. Demographic Transition Model
Stage one (preindustrial/pre-agricultural)
Crude birth/death rate high
Fragile, but stable, population
Stage two (improved agriculture and medicine)
Lower death rates
Infant mortality rate falls
Natural increase very high
Stage three (attitudes change)
Indicative of richer developed countries
Higher standards of living/education
Crude birth rate finally falls
Stage four
Crude birth/death rates low
Population stable
Populations aging

26. Demographic Transition Model

27. on the other hand, some countries “stuck” in stage 2 or stage 3
Problems with the Demographic Transition Model
based on European experience, assumes all countries will progress to complete industrialization
many countries reducing growth rate dramatically without increase in wealth
on the other hand, some countries “stuck” in stage 2 or stage 3

28. Population Shift

29. Overpopulation
When consumption of natural resources by people outstrip the ability of a natural region to replace those natural resources.

30. Jean Antoine Condorcet
(1743 – 1794)
- predicted that innovation, resulting in increased wealth, and choice would provide food and resources in the future and lead to fewer children per family; believed that society was perfectible

31. Thomas Malthus on Population
An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798
Malthus, responding to Condorcet, predicted population would outrun food supply, leading to a decrease in food per person.
Assumptions
Populations grow exponentially.
Food supply grows arithmetically.
Food shortages and chaos inevitable.

32. Population J-Curve

33. Population and the Environment
I = P x A x T
Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology
Population-influenced environmental problems:
Global Warming
Habitat Loss / Endangered Species
Resource Depletion
Food Shortages? Not globally, but regionally.

34. Population and Resource Consumption

35. The End

36. MIGRATION

37. Migration
Salinas, CA
Haitian Refugees

38. Why do people migrate? Push Factors Pull Factors
Emigration and immigration
Change in residence.
Relative to origin and destination.
Major International Migration Patterns, Early 1990s
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

39. Push Factors of Migration
Push factors are factors which force people to move.
overproduction
religious persecution
lack of job opportunities
agricultural decline
conflict

40. Political persecution
Natural hazards—droughts, floods, famines, volcanic eruptions
Limits on personal freedom
environmental degradation (decline)

41. Pull Factors of Migration
Pull factors attract people to an area
Religion
Economic opportunity
Land availability
Political freedom

42. Ethnic and family ties
Arable land

43. World Migration Routes Since 1700
Source: adapted from Getis et al. (1991) “Introduction to Geography”. 3rd edition.
European
African (slaves)
Indian
Chinese
Japanese
Majority of population descended from immigrants
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

45. Ellis Island National Monument
U.S. Immigration
Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Britain
Two Big Waves:
: W. and N. European transitioning to Southern and Eastern European by 1910
Irish (potato famine in 1840s) and Germans
During 1900s: Italians, Russians, Austria-Hungary (Czech, Poland, Romania, etc.)
Today: Asians and Latin Americans; declining Europeans
Asians: China, India; 1980s -1990s: Phillipines, Vietnam, and South Korea
Latin America: Mexico, Dom. Rep., El Salvador, Cuba, Haiti
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted former illegals in 1990, 1991.
Ellis Island National Monument

46. Ellis Island National Monument
U.S. Migration
Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Britain
Three trends:
Destinations of U.S. Immigrants - ethnic neighborhoods often result of chain migration
Mexicans: California, Texas, Illinois, New York
Caribbean: Florida or New York
Chinese and Indians: New York & California
Other Asians: California
Armenians: ????
Ellis Island National Monument

47. U.S. Immigration Policies
1882, Bars Asian immigration for ten years (extended)
1921, Quota Act - country by country quotas
1924 National Origins Act - country by country quotas
1965, Immigration Act - quotas for countries replaced, in 1968, with hemisphere quotas of 170, 000 for East and 120,000 for West
1978, Immigration Act - global quota of 290, 000
1980, Refugee Act - quotas do not apply to those seeking political asylum
1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted large numbers of former illegals.
1990, Immigration Act raised global quotas to roughly 675,000
1995, visas issued Preferentially:
480,000 - to relatives of people here
140,000 - to those with special skills and education
55,000 - to diversity candidates (i.e., mostly not from Latin Amer. or Asia)
Current Total: 675,000

49. US Population by Race and Ethnicity, 1990-2050
Source: US Census Bureau.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

50. Source: US Census Bureau.

51. Top 10 Countries of Origin for US Legal Immigrants, 1998
Source: INS.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

52. Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
Illegal Aliens in the United States by Country of Origin, 1996 (in 1,000s)
About 5.0 million undocumented immigrants were residing in the United States in October 1996, with a range of about 4.6 to 5.4 million (about 1.9% of the total US population). The population was estimated to be growing by about 275,000 each year. 41 percent, of the total undocumented population in 1996 are nonimmigrant overstays. That is, they entered legally on a temporary basis and failed to depart.
Source: US INS.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

53. What about other countries? (like, say, Armenia? ;-)
Visit the Migration Policy Institute web page “Who’s Where in the U.S.?” for details about the destination of many other groups:
About 5.0 million undocumented immigrants were residing in the United States in October 1996, with a range of about 4.6 to 5.4 million (about 1.9% of the total US population). The population was estimated to be growing by about 275,000 each year. 41 percent, of the total undocumented population in 1996 are nonimmigrant overstays. That is, they entered legally on a temporary basis and failed to depart.
Source: US INS.

54. Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born Population, United States, 2000 (in %)
Foreign Born
Native
Male
Female
Age
Male
Female
Source: US Census Bureau, 2000.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

55. Slide courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
Types of Migration
Internal Migration
Within one country.
Crossing domestic jurisdictional boundaries; between states or provinces.
Little government control.
Factors:
Employment-based.
Retirement-based.
Education-based.
Civil conflicts (internally displaced population).
Slide courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

56. Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
Migration by Major Metropolitan Areas in the United States, (in 1,000s)
Source: The Economist, March 11th 2000.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

57. The Ten Fastest-Growing Metropolitan Areas, 1990–2000 Source: U. S
The Ten Fastest-Growing Metropolitan Areas, 1990–2000 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000; 1990 Census. Web:

58. Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
Types of Migration
Voluntary migration
The migrant makes the decision to move.
Most migration is voluntary.
Forced Migration
Involuntary migration in which the mover has no role in the decision-making process.
Slavery.
About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and 1867.
In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States.
Refugees.
Military conscription.
Children of migrants.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

59. Types of Migration Circular migration Spring Summer
Fall / Winter
Spring
Summer
Circular migration
A type of temporary migration.
Associated with agricultural work.
The migrant follows the harvest of various crops, moving from one place to another each time.
Very common in the US Southwest (Mexican farm workers) and in Western Europe (Eastern European farm workers).

60. Key Term: Forced Migration

61. Slaves Reaching British North America, 1601-1867 (in 1,000s)
Source: The William and Mary Quarterly, 68.1, January 2001.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

62. Forced Migration
The Trail of Tears, 1838

63. Interregional Migrations
U.S. population has been moving Westward and Southward
Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of hardship.
Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be impossible.
Loss of Industrial Jobs in east compliments increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications).

64. Voluntary African-American Migrations
Blacks moved to The Industrial Belt (i.e., Chicago, New York, Detroit) and California during labor shortages.
The culture of the receiving regions was affected by these changes. Can you think of specific cultural traits were added to the new regions by the arrival of large numbers of blacks?

65. Internal (interregional) Migrations in U.S.
U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: suburbanization and counterurbanization
Developed Countries: suburbanization
automobiles and roads
‘American Dream’
better services
counterurbanization
idyllic settings
cost of land for retirement
slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets
U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

66. What is the impact of migration on regions?
Language – multiple languages
Religion and religious freedom
Customs/traditions – exchanged
Cultural landscape – diffusion
Diffusion – the spreading of ideas and traits

67. What is some evidence of Cultural Interaction?
spreading (diffusion) of US culture to other regions of the world
popularization of other cultures’ traditions in the US

68. Urban Development
Urbanization, or the growing of cities, was triggered by industrialization.
Patterns of urban development occur according to site and situation.

69. Site and Situation
Site and situation are important geographic concepts when studying the growth of cities.
Site is the actual location of a city.

70. Situation is another name for relative location – the location of a city with respect to other geographic features, regions, resources, and transport routes.

71. Site Harbor Sites: NY City, Alexandria, Egypt; Istanbul Turkey
Island sites: Paris, Hong Kong, Singapore
Fall line sites: Richmond, VA
Confluence sites: Khartoum, Sudan; Pittsburg, PA

72. Hilltop sites: Rome, Athens, Jerusalem
Oasis Sites: Damascus, Syria
Sites where rivers narrow: London, Quebec City

73. Situation Istanbul – Command of straits and land bridge to Europe
Mecca, Saudi Arabia; Varanasi (Benares), India – Focal point of pilgrimage
Samarkand, Uzbekistan; Xi’an, China; Timbuktu, Mali; Singapore – Cities that grew up around trade routes

74. Capetown, S.Africa – Supply station for ships
Omaha, Nebraska; Sacramento, California – Cities that grew up along the U.S. Transcontinental railroad
Novosibirsk,Vladivostok – Cities that grew up along the Trans-Siberian Railroad

75. Functions of Towns and Cities
Security and defense
Religious centers
Trade centers (local and long distance
Governmental administration
Manufacturing centers
Service centers

76. Examples of Cities Changing Functions Over Time
Rio de Janeiro—was the capital but now is a tourist attraction (Brasilia)
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania—early function was for frontier defense, then shifted to steel manufacturing, and now is the home to many diverse services

77. New York City—has changed from a center of coastal and transatlantic trade to a center for the Great Lakes and Erie canal region to worldwide trade and finances
Mining towns– once the resources were gone, many towns became “ghost towns”

78. What Influence do Urban Areas have on their Region and Country?
They are the home to monuments which help bring pride and develop nation-building.
They are transportation and communication centers.
They are natural attractions for immigrants.

79. They are the seed beds for new ideas and technologies.
Their diversity helps lead to creativity in the arts.
Many are the home to major Universities which provide educational opportunities.

80. They are the headquarters and regional outposts of major corporations.
The major media outlets have their centers there (newspapers, radio, and television).

81. What Problems are Associated with Growth of Urban Areas?
Transportation problems, especially since the automobile.
Rich and poor neighborhoods are usually isolated from one another.
As overcrowding occurs, providing essential services (water, sewage, electricity) is a problem.

82. Air, water, and noise pollution
Sprawl (spreading) of urban areas takes agricultural land out of production.
Rapid migration results in “shantytowns” on the edge of Latin American, Asian, and African cities.

83. In developing countries, major cities are more connected to the outside world than to less developed regions in their own countries