1. Innovation in Latin-America: indicators and surveys RICYT Red Iberoamericana de Indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnología Innovation Indicators for Latin America Workshop 19 March, 2009 Paris, France Diana Suárez

2. 2 Context  Unstable macroeconomic environment  M-L & L Tech goods  Low external insertion Innovative features  Low S&T expenditure  Low endowment of qualified personnel  High public expenditure participation  Low patent rate “Developing countries” ¿? The LA environment

3. 3 Methodological Approach MacroeconomyTrajectoriesIncentives StrategyInnovation Innovative behaviours Innovation Activities Purpose Objectives Funding and information O b st a cl e s Results Impact _ _ _ _ _ Innovation System Institutional framework_ _ _ _ _ O b st a cl e s

4. 4 Innovation in Latin-American firms What can we test?  Results of Innovation activities  Expenditure on Innovation activities  R&D human resources  Links, cooperation and sources of information  Obstacles

5. 5 How can we test? CountryPeriodSample Statistical Unit Argentina2002-2004 1.688 (ISIC rev.3 D) Manufacturer firms with more than 10 employees Brazil2003-2005 12.000 (mining and manufacturer industries) Firms with more than 10 employees Chile2003-2004 2.877 (ISIC rev.3 A-O) Establishments with more than 10 employees Colombia1999-2002101 Manufacturer Establishments México2004-2005 328.718 (census) Establishments with more than 50 employees Uruguay2001-2003814 Manufacturer firms with more than 5 employees

6. 6  High product innovator rate but low rate of firms that applied for patents,  Developing countries: more process than product innovators. 1. Results

7. 7 2. Expenditure  Low innovation expenditure with high deviations  Concentrated on capital goods (then innovators)

8. 8 3.Human resources in R&D  Even the firms with R&D expenditure and personnel present low rates of efforts.  R&D expenditure and human resources are not enough to understand innovative activities.

9. 9 4. Innovative strategies In-house R&D Capital GoodsTrainingEIDIA Germany2,461,22--5,1 Argentine0,20,640,010,081,12 Brazil0,581,340,050,372,8 Spain0,620,46--1,5 France2,460,35--3,6 Uruguay0,34,30,10,56,2  Capital goods and R&D are the most important activities in terms of expenditure,  But training and engineering and industrial design are also important in terms of impact of the capital good acquisition.

10. 10 Agents ArUrBrChMeCoSpGeFr S&T institutions Universities2715235511 Training institutions 14 2226 Technological centres 261812 Consultants343123125414 Commercial chain Related enterprises 22151544616 Headquarters1543 Clients3934445921 Suppliers545046249925 Competitors201213923414 5.Links and cooperation

11. 11 6. Obstacles ARURCHBRMESPGEFR Lack of qualified personnel372040486118517 Risk of innovation3215197569 Cost of innovation / return period51264080 441930 Financing problems6833355768301210 Market structure55 245922518 Cooperation problems whit S&T institutions40153930 13311 Insufficient information about markets 27 2331601037 Insufficient information about technologies 22 36591115

12. 12 Innovative features  Low, concentrated and heterogeneous innovation expenditure  High rate of innovators but low scope of innovations  Low cooperation rates and contradictory numbers  Macroeconomic obstacles (uncertainty and funding) Summary and conclusions Implications  Importance of the subject approach and the integrated analysis (IA expenditure vs. R&D)  Simple indicators are not enough (efforts, results, scope and impact)  Deeper analysis of cooperation and links with the NIS  Endogenous vs. exogenous obstacles

13. www.ricyt.org dsuarez@ricyt.edu.ar