1. 14th-19th c. Commercial Revolution 16th century sees: Shift in power and wealth to Spain, England Population growth in Europe, to about 90 million Dropping wages, rising prices, debased currencies (along with wars and dwindling gold and silver supplies)  economic crisis in 17th c.

2. 16th c. Expansion of long-distance trade within and outside Europe Map Link: Portuguese and Spanish trade routes, 16th century: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/ 16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png/ 800px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png800px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png>

3. Growth of banks: Despite church objections “Usury” vs. “legitimate return” Falling interest rates Productive loans Bank of Amsterdam

4. Mercantilism: Government policies supporting and promoting trade Improving economy by: introducing new industries; giving privileges to employers and exporters; promoting trade on national level; negotiating trade treaties; establishing national tariffs/customs duties; establishing trading companies (e.g. English East India Company, est. 1600)

5. Map Link: Spain, 910-1492: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd_1911/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd_1911/ shepherd-c-082-083.jpgshepherd-c-082-083.jpg>

6. 1469 Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon (1452-1516) and Isabella of Castile (1457-1504) Controlling Cortes (parliaments) 1478 Establishment of Holy Office of the Inquisition in Castile (and Aragon in 1483)

7. 1490 Muslim territories reduced to Granada Jan 1492 Surrender of Granada Mar 1492 Expulsion of the Jews from Spain Apr 1492 Voyage of Christopher Columbus (Colon) commissioned

8. 1491 Joanna (the Mad, d. 1555) married to Philip the Fair of Habsburg (d. 1506) Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (r. 1493-1519) 1516 Charles inherits Spain 1519-56 Reign of Charles as Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V)

9. Map Link: Habsburg territories in 1556: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/ Habsburg_Map_1547.jpgHabsburg_Map_1547.jpg>

10. 1556 Abdication of Charles V (d. 1558) Ferdinand I becomes Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1556-64) Philip II gets Spain, Netherlands, Americas Italian territories (r. 1556-98) 1580 Philip takes Portugal Sponsoring Spanish colonisation of the Philippines

11. Map Link: The Philippines: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/islands_oceans_poles/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/islands_oceans_poles/ philippines.gifphilippines.gif>

12. Jan 1567 Philip issues decree against Moriscos (Muslim converts to Christianity) 1570 Moriscos resettled in Castile and Aragon 1609 Moriscos expelled 1571: Selim II (r. 1566-74) takes Cyprus Formation of Holy League Battle of Lepanto (Oct 7)