1. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Publishers PowerPoint by JoAnn Yaworski West Chester University A Community of Readers, 3/e Roberta Alexander and Jan Lombardi Chapter 9 Critical Thinking Science, Society, and Disease

2. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Publishers Critical Thinking zAnalysis zSynthesis zEvaluation zUsing Critical Thinking to Solve Problems

3. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Publishers Analysis Examining zwhat you’ve read zwhat you’ve experienced zwhat you know about any topic, item, or event To analyze something means to zbreak it into its constituent parts (the parts that make it up) zdetermine the relationship between the various parts

4. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Publishers Synthesis Synthesis involves yPutting ideas together. yDrawing on facts, opinions, and observations from a variety of sources to create a new whole.

5. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Publishers “This Is the End of the World: The Black Death” by Barbara Tuchman zWhat were the two types of the Black Death that arrived in Europe in 1347? zDescribe the symptoms of the Black Death. zWhy weren’t Europeans frightened when they heard estimates of 23,840,000 having died in China and other areas of the East from a terrible plague? zAccording to this account how was the Black Death carried to Europe?

6. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Publishers Evaluation Critical thinkers ask zIs this the best possible solution? zWhat kind of reasoning is this judgment based on? zWhat are the advantages of this solution? zWhy is this solution better than any of the other possibilities? zDo most of the people best qualified to make this decision agree?

7. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Publishers Evaluating Arguments zExamine Evidence zConsider Structure zCheck for Fallacies zMake Ethical Decisions

8. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Publishers Scientific Method zThe scientific method is a problem-solving technique based on 4inquiry 4observation 4experimentation zThe natural sciences use strict rules of scientific experimentation to develop theories. zThe social sciences use surveys, observation, case studies, and experiments to study human behavior and the human condition.

9. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Publishers Ethics zEthics are our moral values; they are our standards for good or bad, right or wrong. zTo carefully evaluate the solutions science provides, we must understand the impact of the applications of technology on the world around us. zMight some scientific advances actually do more harm than good to people and the environment?

10. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Publishers Reader’s Checklist 3Critical Thinking 3Analysis 3Synthesis 3Evaluation 3Problem Solving 3Scientific Method 3Ethics 3Fallacies

11. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Publishers Visit the Web The Web sites listed below provide more information on the themes of science, society, and disease. 1.No Free Lunch (http://www.nofreelunch.org) 2.Everybody in, Nobody Out (http://www.everybodyinnobodyout.org) 3.Public Citizen (http://www.citizen.org/hrg) 4.Physicians for a National Health Program (http://www.pnhp.org) 5.Union of Concerned Scientists (http://www.ucsusa.org)

12. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Publishers Visit the Alexander/Lombardi Companion Website http://www.ablongman.com/alexander