1. PREPARED BY : DR. NEHAD JASER Tuberculosis

2. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Unlike most other bacteria, M. Tuberculosis is surrounded by an outer capsule that makes the organism very resistant to destruction. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is primarily transmitted via the airborne route. Once in the lung tissues, the organism causes an inflammatory reaction as it is attacked first by poly-morphonuclear leukocytes and later by macrophages.

3. The primary lesion that results in the lung during tuberculosis Infection is called the Ghon’s focus. If the lesion also involves regional lymph nodes, it is termed a Ghon’s complex Necrosis of infected lung tissues may result in a cheesy appearance to the tissue that is referred to as a caseous necrosis. Liquefaction of the necrotic lesions might also occur over time

4. In an otherwise healthy individual, the immune system is usually able to contain the organism and over time will encapsulate it through calcification of the lesions. These calcified Ghon’s complexes are readily visualized by chest radiograph for the remainder of the patient’s life. Because live M. tuberculosis is often found within these encapsulations,impairment of immune function in the infected individual may lead to reactivation of the primary infection.

5. Testing for Tuberculosis Mantoux test — Intradermal test for reaction against the tuberculin purified protein derivative standard (PPDS) Acid-fast staining of sputum cultures to visualize Chest radiograph to identify Ghon’s complex

6. Manifestations of primary tuberculosis: Productive, prolonged cough Chest pain, hemoptysis Chill, fever, night sweats Anorexia, weight loss

7. Treatment of tuberculosis Despite a continuous decline in the incidence of tuberculosis in the decades preceding the 1980s, since 1985 there has been a steady increase in the worldwide incidence of tuberculosis. A major contributing factor to this resurgence of tuberculosis has been the spread of HIV. Mycobacterium tuberculosis can be a opportunistic organism that infects AIDS patients whose immune systems are weakened and inadequate to combat the organism.

8. The rise of homelessness may also be a contributing factor to increased rates of tuberculosis in urban settings, as the organism grows in the dark, moist environments in which homeless people sometimes dwell. Management of tuberculosis often requires prolonged Treatment with powerful antimycobacterial drugs

9. Unfortunately, in recent years the treatment of tuberculosis has been complicated by the rise of organisms that are resistant to one or more of the commonly used antitubercular agents. In cases of multidrugresistant tuberculosis, mortality can be on then order of 70 to 90%. Factors that affect immune function such as proper nutrition and management of other Diseases are also essential for successful treatment of tuberculosis.

10. Drugs for the Treatment of Tuberculosis Isoniazid Rifampicin Ethambutol

11. Thank You