1. Agricultural Revolutions
There are 3 of them

2. Before Agricultural Societies NOMADIC: Hunting and Gathering Societies

3. What is a Revolution and how can you have a farming revolution?
So then
What?
A revolution is any fundamental
change or reversal of conditions,
a great and sometimes violent change
or innovation
Encourage brainstorm to produce definition before introducing this version. Discuss different types of revolution.

4. The Neolithic Revolution

5. The Neolithic Revolution
(8000BCE-3500BCE)
Humans begin to slowly domesticate plant and animal stocks in SW Asia.
Agriculture requires nomadic peoples to become sedentary.

6. Costs & Advantages of Agriculture
The Neolithic Revolution
Costs & Advantages of Agriculture
Advantages
Costs
Steady food supplies
Greater populations
Leads to organized societies capable of supporting additional vocations (soldiers, managers, etc.)
Heavily dependant on certain food crops (failure = starvation)
Disease from close contact with animals, humans, & waste
Can’t easily leave sites

7. Agriculture Slowly Spreads: What do you notice about the core areas?
The Neolithic Revolution
Agriculture Slowly Spreads: What do you notice about the core areas?
What is life like if all plants and animals had to remain in their indigenous locations? How would the world have developed differently? Similar?
Choose a topic/product/idea- what does their “Spread” Map look like now(2010)?

8. Sedentary Agriculturalists Dominate
The Neolithic Revolution
Sedentary Agriculturalists Dominate
High starch diets slowly allow
Sedentary populations to grow.
First plow invented c.6000BCE;
crop yields grow exponentially by 4000BCE.
Pop. grows from 5-8 million to million.
Eventually agricultural populations begin to spread out, displacing or assimilating nomadic groups; farming groups grow large enough for advanced social organization.

9. The Open-field System Cooperative plowing
Conserved the quality of land
Balanced distribution of good land
Farmers were part of a “team”
Gleaning
The Open-field System:
- England was divided into a number of fields which surrounded a village
- 1/3 left fallow
- further divided into rectangular sections called furlongs
-Furlongs were divided into narrow 1 acre strips
- Certain pasture and forest were set aside as common land

10. The Neolithic Revolution
First Towns Develop
Catal Huyuk
Modern Turkey
First settled:
c. 7000BCE
Jericho
Modern Israel
First settled:
c. 7000BCE

11. So what came after the Neolithic Revolution?
Oh Yeah! The actual
Agricultural Revolution.
Encourage brainstorm to produce definition before introducing this version. Discuss different types of revolution.

12. Agricultural Revolution
15th and 18th
Century Farming
- 1st Picture: Peasants ranking and cutting hay in the 15th Century
2nd Picture: Farming Methods in Early 18th Century
Very little change
Common land still unenclosed and outside the village in the 18th century
Economy of Europe was agrarian
Used the three-field system: 1/3 of the land left idle to restore fertility

13. All right,so there was going to be a great change...
What exactly was this great change?
Great changes, you mean - and innovations
All right CHANGES..
Explain that there was not just the one change.
First of all, there was enclosure, then there was the new machinery such as the seed drill and horse plough, not to mention marling and selective breeding…..

14. Enclosures? This meant enclosing the land.
The open fields were divided up and everyone who could prove they owned some land would get a share. Dividing the open land into small fields and putting hedges and fences around them. Everyone had their own fields and could use them how they wished.
Encourage own research of the enclosures, what it meant both good and bad.

15. Enclosure Before AFTER
Each landowner received a single piece of property
No common lands

16. Selective Breeding? Some farmers such as Robert
Bakewell and the Culley
brothers concentrated on selective breeding.
This meant only allowing the fittest and strongest of their
cattle, sheep, pigs and horses to mate.
You can tell how successful they were:
In 1710 the average weight for cattle was
168 Kg by it was 363 Kg
Find pictures of the animals they bred – do they look healthy by today’s standards, what does it tell us about how they thought of their achievements that they had portraits painted.

17. What other new ideas were there?
Marling
Crop rotation
Seed drill
Publicity
New ploughs
and hoes
Give a brief explanation of each of these points and encourage own research of them

18. Publicity?! Yeah, books were written on farming.
The Board of Agriculture was set up and Arthur Young, the new secretary, went round the country recording the progress of the revolution and others could read his report to find out more.
Agricultural shows with competitions were held and people could exchange ideas and see the latest things.

19. Your tasks 1. Find out about crop rotation, what were the crops
and how did they rotate? Who had the idea?
2. Agricultural shows - who had the idea? How did he encourage his tenants to use the new fangled ideas?
3. What is marling?
4. Jethro Tull - who is he and why is 1701 significant?
5. New ploughs and hoes? How were they different?
6. What is gleaning?
7. How did farming change between 1701 and 1850?
These questions can be used to plan the final question, treat the final question as an essay if time otherwise summary paragraph

20. Some Answers a. Crop Rotation g. Scientific Breeding
English gentleman farmer Viscount Charles “Turnip” Townsend
Alternating grain crops: wheat and barley, with soil enriching crops: turnips and clovers.
No longer had to leave land fallow
g. Scientific Breeding
Selective breeding of animals
Produced more and better animals
Produced more milk and meat
Leciestershire breed of sheep
Increased weight of marketed cattle

21. So first was Neolithic and then it was Agricultural, now what?
Ohhhhh…..
Green Revolution
Encourage brainstorm to produce definition before introducing this version. Discuss different types of revolution.

22. THE GREEN REVOLUTION (The Third Agricultural Revolution)
Starts in 19th Century
And Biotechnology
THE GREEN REVOLUTION 1

23. GREEN REVOLUTION Since 1950’s
A complex of improvements which greatly increased agricultural production
Adoption of new, improved varieties of grains
Application of better agricultural techniques
Irrigation
Mechanization
Use of fertilizer
Use of pesticides
Since 1950’s
Agricultural output outpaced population growth even without adding additional cropland 6

24. 8

25. “Green Revolution” benefits
Core exports high-yield “miracle” seeds
Needed oil-based fertilizers, pesticides
Asian rice crop up 66% in
Favored areas with good soil, weather

26. “Green Revolution” drawbacks
Favored farmers who could afford seeds,
inputs, machines, irrigation
Indebted farmers lost land, moved to cities
New “monocrops” lacked resistance to disease/pests
Environmental contamination, erosion
Oriented to export “cash crops,” not domestic food

27. Biotechnology continues to change agriculture.
I guess during the Green Revolution,
biotechnologies started to
advance agriculture.

28. Biotechnology: Using organisms to…
Make or modify products
Improve plants or animals
Develop new microorganisms
Crossing natural divides between species
Not just crossbreeding

29. Genetic Engineering

30. 14

31. Increase pest resistance Grow crops in new areas
Biotechnology benefits in agriculture
Increase yields
Increase pest resistance
Grow crops in new areas

32. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
Consumer concerns
began in Europe,
now in U.S. too

33. Biotechnology drawbacks in agriculture
High costs (available to few)
Monocrops have less tolerance to disease
Possible health effects
Contamination of wild crops (“superweeds”)
Corporate patents on life forms

34. San Francisco
Farmers’ Market

35. Minneapolis airport
flower stand