2. Function The respiratory system exchanges gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) with the cardiovascular system.

3. 2 types of Respiration Pulmonary Respiration – the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood in pulmonary capillaries Cellular Respiration – the exchange of gases between the blood in systemic capillaries and the cells of the body. –This term also applies to the chemical reaction that creates energy for the cell

4. Pathway of Air 1. Nasal Cavity- air is filtered, warmed and moistened. 2. Air passes into the pharynx 3. Air moves past the epiglottis, which is a flap of cartilage that prevents food from entering the air passage 4. Air moves into the trachea, a cartilaginous tube known as the windpipe.

5. Upper Respiratory Tract Review

6. Pathway of Air 5. The top of the trachea contains the larynx (the voice box) 6. The trachea branches into two bronchi, which lead to the lungs 7. The bronchi continue to branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles. 8. These end in clusters of tiny air sacs called alveoli, that are surrounded by a network of capillaries

8. Lets Review!!!!

9. Location of Gas Exchange Gas is exchanged between the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries by the process of diffusion. Oxygen, which will be taken to the body, moves into the blood and carbon dioxide waste is moved into the alveoli, and removed from the body.

11. Oxygen to your Tissues Oxygen from the air moves through the process of diffusion from the alveoli into the blood. Oxygen in the blood of systemic circulation then diffuses into tissue.

12. Breathing Breathing is the moving of air into and out of the lungs. Inspiration – taking air into the lungs a. Your chest expands as muscles contract moving ribs up and outward b. Your diaphragm, a large muscle, flattens and pushes down c. Pressure changes in the lungs and air from the atmosphere move in

13. Expiration – releasing air from the lungs a. Diaphragm and ribs relax b. Lungs recoil and deflate c. Air pressure changes in lungs and pushes the air out of the lungs

14. The Respiratory System

15. Cellular Respiration

16. The process that cells use to break down glucose to release energy in the presence of Oxygen (O 2 )

17. Energy in the cell is available in the form of certain compounds, such as ATP - (Adenosine Triphosphate)

18. Overview: Cellular Respiration Aerobic Respiration i) Krebs Cycle ii) Electron transport chain Fermentation Anaerobic pathway (Lactic acid fermentation or Alcohol fermentation) Glycolysis O 2 presentO 2 absent

20. 2 stages of Cellular Respiration 1.Glycolysis –Glucose (a six carbon sugar) is broken down into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules –Requires 2 ATP molecules –Creates 4 ATP molecules and 2 NADPH molecules for the electron transport chain

21. 2. Aerobic Respiration i) Kreb’s Cycle pyruvic acid from glycolysis is used to make CO 2, NADH, ATP, and FADH 2 Occurs in the mitochondria The end energy tally from 1 Glucose (2 pyruvic acids) is: –6 NADH –2 FADH 2 –2 ATP

22. ii) Electron Transport The high energy electrons from the Kreb’s Cycle are passed along a series of proteins in the mitochondrial membrane.

23. As electrons pass along the electron transport chain, protons are pumped into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. This creates a concentration and charge gradient. As protons move back down the concentration gradient, ATP is produced

24. Cellular Respiration of 1 Glucose molecule Glycolysis=6 ATP Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain=30 ATP Grand Total of 36 ATP molecules from 1 Glucose!

25. If O 2 is NOT present: Fermentation occurs (anaerobic respiration meaning that oxygen is not required) Two types of fermentation: –Alcoholic Fermentation –Lactic Acid Fermentation

26. Alcoholic Fermentation Used by yeast and a few other microorganisms. Produces Ethyl Alcohol and CO 2 as wastes. Pyruvic Acid + NADH Alcohol + CO 2 + NAD +

27. Lactic Acid Fermentation Produced in many cells including your muscles. Pyruvic Acid + NADH Lactic Acid + NAD + Lactic Acid is produced during rapid exercise, causing a painful, burning sensation. This effect is reduced with potassium.

28. Review When oxygen is present most of the ATP made in cellular respiration is produced by: A. aerobic respiration B. glycolysis C. alcoholic fermentation D. lactic acid fermentation

29. Review When oxygen is not present most the ATP made by cellular respiration in muscles is produced by: A. aerobic respiration B. glycolysis C. alcoholic fermentation D. lactic acid fermentation

30. Review Which of the following is not a reactant in Cellular Respiration? A. Glucose B. Water C. Oxygen

31. Review How does Cellular Respiration fit in to the “flow of energy” that we studied in our Ecology Unit?

32. Review What body systems are used to get the reactants of cellular Respiration to every cell?