1. Interrupts, Counter and Timers

2. Interrupts (1) Interrupt-driven I/O uses the processor’s interrupt system to “interrupt” normal program flow to allow execution of an I/O service routine An interrupt is like a hardware-initiated subroutine call 2

3. Interrupts (2) Advantages  Immediate response to I/O service request  Normal execution continues until it is known that I/O service is needed Disadvantages  Coding complexity for interrupt service routines  Extra hardware needed  Processor’s interrupt system I/O device must generate an interrupt request 3

4. Basic Steps for an Interrupt (1) An interrupt cycle begins at the next fetch cycle if:  Interrupts are enable (GIE = 1)  Interrupt request is active (I=1) Program counter (PC) is saved on the stack PC is loaded with address of interrupt service routine (ISR) Different schemes for determining this address Fixed location 0x0004 on the PIC processor 4

5. Basic Steps for an Interrupt (2) Interrupt service routine executes  Saves any registers that will be altered so that normal program flow is not disturbed  Performs input and/or output operations to clear the interrupt request  Restores saved registers  Returns Normal execution resumes 5

6. Program Flow for an Interrupt 6

7. Example Pseudo code for an ISR ISR: save register(s) if (IN_RDY == 1) input data if (OUT_RDY == 1) output data restore register(s) return 7

8. Example Error if Registers are not Saved before Executing ISR 8

9. 16F84 INTCON Register 9

10. 16F84 Interrupt Structure 10

11. Outline of 16F84 Interrupt Structure 11

12. 16F84 Timer/Counter 12

13. 16F84 OPTION Register 13

14. Relationship between TMR0 and Prescaler 14

15. Timing Diagram of TMRO Interrupt 15

16. Determining Timer Settings Consider the “wait for 500ms” for LED problem… Fosc = 4 MHz, internal timer can be driven by Fosc/4 = 1MHz To have a 500ms interrupt on overflow interval, desired scale = 500ms/1 μ s = 500,000 Maximum scale provided by Timer0 is 256*256=65,536 Probably we can set up an interrupt interval shorter than 500ms, say M ms, then toggle the LED after every N interrupts, where M*N = 500.  The possible value of M has constraints. It is helpful to express the needed scale in terms of its prime factors, then allocate these among the prescaler, PR and the TMR0 register. let ’ s try M=4 and N=125 for this example. 16

17. Initialize the Timer0 Desired scale for 4ms timing is 4ms/1 μ s = 4,000. Play with the math we have 32*125 =4,000 In order to get an exact 4 ms timing, we’ll need to set the timer as follows: PS2 PS1 PS0 =100 ; set prescaler to 32 TMR0 = 256-125 =131 ; initialize TMR0 T0IF = 0 ; clear timer0 interrupt flag TOIE =1 ; enable timer0 interrupt 17

18. Timer0 Initialization Code InitTmr0 bcfSTATUS, RP1;select bank 1 bsfSTATUS, RP0 movlwB’11010100’; set up OPTION, prescaler and timer0 resources movwfOPTION bcfSTATUS, RP0; select bank 0 movlwD’131’ movwfTMR0; initialize TMR0 bcfINTCON, T0IF; clear Timer0 interrupt flag bsfINTCON, T0IE; enable Timer0 interrupt source bsfINTCON, GIE; enable global interrupts return 18

19. “Wait for 500ms” --- Use Timer Since our Timer is set to overflow every 4ms, waiting 4ms really means waiting until the timer overflows. We will write an interrupt service routine to handle the timer overflow in a future class. Now we assume that in the interrupt service routine (ISR), BLNKCNT is decremented by 1 each time an overflow occurs. Waiting 500ms means waiting timer overflow 125 times, which is counted by BLNKCNT. Five00Ms movlw 124 ; initialize BLNKCNT to 124, why??? movwf BLNKCNT ; BLNKCNT is a variable wait500 btfss BLNKCNT, 7 ; wait for 00000000 to 11111111 change goto wait500 ; wait if not return ; and return if yes 19

20. Put it All Together - The Mainline Program Mainline call Initial ; Initialize PortB callInitTmr0 ; Initialize Timer0 MainLoop callBlink ; Blink LED callFive00ms ; Insert 500ms delay gotoMainLoop Note: BLNKCNT will be decremented in the interrupt service routine which we will talk about in the future! 20

21. Watchdog Timer Free running counter with its own oscillator Can be enabled or disabled through special directives in the program Usually used to reset the controller if the program gets stuck or works incorrectly Programmer needs to be careful when using it so that it does not cause problems 21