1. PIA 2096/2490 Foreign Aid Capstone and Topics Course

2. Foreign Aid Other Donors, Other Models

3. Universal Organizations UNDP and related Organizations World Bank International Monetary Fund

4. Regional Institutions Regional Banks: Africa, Asia, Latin America, Europe UN Economic Commissions: ECA, ECLA, (Asia, Middle East) European Union

5. Foreign Aid Issues Multi-Lateral Institutions Weighted Voting Bureaucratic Elites Loans versus Grants

6. Bilateral Donors Former Colonial Powers Soft Donors Marshall Plan Recipients Oil Producers Tied Aid

7. British Aid Colonial Development Funds- Now Commonwealth Funds Colombo Plan Focus on British Institutions Linked to British Investment (Sanctions-Pakistan, South Africa, Zimbabwe)

8. Japanese Aid Links to World War II and Occupation Japan as Marshall Plan Recipient Linked to Japanese Investment South East Asia JICA

9. Scandinavia Moral Obligations 1% Goal “Soft Donors” High Levels of Popular Support

10. France Francophonie Strong Links to Elites and security Aid tied to trade Strong colonial legacy

11. Other Donors Former ex-colonial powers: Spain, Italy and Potugal- Latin Ties ANZUS- Southeast Asia and Pacific EU- Almost all have bilateral Programs

12. Other Donors Germany- Reparations and Colonial Legacy Canada- Francophone and Moral Holland and Belgium- Payback for Colonial Ills

13. Other Models- The Rise of NGOs as Contractors NGOs: The Nature of the Beast

14. Civil Society NGOs, CBOs, PVOs: Who do they represent? Grassroots, interests, not for profits (neutrality) Groups: Role of ethnicity, religion and class, vs. individual rights

15. Civil Society Privatization as an issue Corporatism vs. Clientelism Organic VS. Individualist nature of society (Vincent Ostrom) Establishing the rule of law Roman vs. Common Law What is the role of the individual

16. NGOs--The Nature of the Beast Non-Profits vs. For Profits Not for Profits- More value directed Private Voluntary Organizations(PVOs) Community Based Organizations (CBOs) Foundations

17. NGOs- The Nature of the Beast Civic Associations Interest Groups Quangos Trade Unions Religious Organizations

18. Five Caveats Usually excludes “for profits” Issue of contractors- both for profits and non-profits Includes both International and Local Internationals are not universally loved

19. Caveats Very often internationals are religious or charity based Focus has been primarily on relief rather than development or civil society goals

20. Types of “Development” NGOs Philanthropy Relief and Welfare Societies Public Service Contractors Populist based development agencies (national)

21. Types of “Development” NGOs Grassroots associations (local or village based) Advocacy groups Public Service Contractors

22. Origins- Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster War, Drought, Agricultural Failure Focus on Rural Development Human Rights Focus on Governance

23. Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster NGOs--Areas of Perceived Advantage Cost-effective Small but efficient Innovative Staff loyalty and commitment

24. Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster NGOs--Perceived Advantage Ideologically compatible with Development values Links with poor Image of populism

25. Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster International NGOs—Weaknesses Lack of local legitimacy Donor driven Inefficiency

26. Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster International NGOs—Weaknesses Amateurism Leadership and continuity problems Staffing problems Self-serving-own objectives Faith Based

27. Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster International NGOs—Weaknesses Fixation on projects Problems of replication Lack of perceived accountability Learning problems/lack of institutional memory

28. Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster International NGOs—Weaknesses Tensions with government institutions Politically threatening Ties with existing local elites Inability of humanitarian organizations to transfer to new development orientation