1. CH. 7 TIMES OF TURMOIL 1960s & 1970s

2. TOWARD SOCIAL CHANGE THE YOUTHQUAKE FEMINISM / RIGHTS BRA BURNING CHANGING SOCIAL VALUES PM Trudeau’s Omnibus Bill 1969 Civil Liberties Basic Freedoms 1960 Right to Vote 1960 1969 White Paper Ab. Rights & veto Indian Act ABORIGINAL CHANGES White Paper abondoned for Red Paper – Self Gov’t,

3. POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT THE PRIME MINISTERS DIEFENBAKER P.C. / 1957-63 PEARSON Liberal / 1963-68 TRUDEAU Lib. 1968-79;80-84 Unhyphanated Canadianism Nationalism / Brt. Ties Human Rights –> Can. Bill of Rights Women in Cabinet. Aboriginal: Senator/ Vote French felt excluded Appealed to: young, urban, central Canada Severe ties with Brt. Fr / Eng compromise Modernize Canada Abolish Capital Punishment Easier divorce laws. Canadian Flag – 1965 Social Welfare – UI, Fam. Allowance, CPP, Medical Care Act (Tommy Douglas) Promoted bilingual Canada The Person: French, young, hip,witty, Vette, celebrity, ‘salute’, ‘Trudeaumania’ Beliefs:Federalist, freedoms, gov’t foster economy, Official Lang. Act Can.= Bilingual Country ‘A Just Society’/ Not ‘Distinct’ AGAINST SEPARATION - fought FLQ - October Crisis (Cross & Laporte) - War Measures Act QUEBEC LESAGE ‘Time for a change’ No corruption / Yes to merit Quiet Revolution Modernize – economy, pol., ed., & culture. (Church decline) SEPARATISM Based Fr. Injustice?? A separate Fr. State. FLQ gained support PARTI QUEBECOIS (PQ) – 1967 LEVESQUE – Quebec / Can. Divorce BOURASSA - 1970 BILL 22 – Fr. = only lang. Forced many Eng. Out of prov. LEVESQUE – 1976 BILL 101 Fr. Lang., ed., signs Eng felt 101= oppression

4. ECONOMIC CHALLENGES INFLATION – Organ. Of Petro. Exporting Countries (OPEC) 1973 = Israeli / Arab war (Can & US sided with Isreal) Oil embargo = 400% increase. The price on all goods rose. –Workers wanted higher wages – inflation up. –Dual income families became the norm. REGIONALISM – REGIONAL DISPARITY Resource provinces hit hardest / ‘Hav’ ; ‘Have-nots’ Trudeau tried to help with social programs - resentments – WESTERN ALIENATION The west felt Trudeau’s policies favoutred east. –Alberta oil prices fixed by gov’t – they wanted to increase to world levels. –Nat. Energy Program (NEP) to help oil issues. EXPANDING HORIZONS – Trudeau tried to diversify from Amer. Dominated trade. Limited success. THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT – The start of environmental awareness (1962) Air, water, soil, pollution = headlines Pesticides – DDT / business was slow to get on board

5. A MORE INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL POLICY World events put the USA and Canada at odds; even the PMs & presidents disliked one another (Diefenbaler/Kennedy, Pearson/Johnson, & Trudeau/Nixon). THE ISSUES NUCLEAR WEAPONS Much of Canada was against US nukes Appreciated the American defence & feared Anti-nuke attitude may affect trade relations. CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS - Castro booted Pro-U.S. dictator. - US Bay of Pigs invasion = failure. - Cuba got nuke help from Soviets. - The world on brink of war. - A last minute deal reached. -No nukes for Cuban safety. - US imposed sanctions on Cuba & expected Can. to follow. Diefenbaker was slow – hurt Can./US relations. THE VIETNAM WAR -Like Korea, N (Com.). & S. (Democratic ??) divided. -US feared the ‘Domino Effect’ –1st advised then troops - USSR & China supplied the North =>Tet Offensive -TV outraged Americans & war = controversial. - US angry with lack of Canadian support. -‘Draft dodgers’ came to Canada - Canadian gov’t = neutral to war - Johnson spoke out against US bombing campaign TRUDEAU’S FOREIGN POLICY -Recognized Communist gov’t of China. -Revisted Pearson’s US/Canada defence partnership Note – In 1984 Trudeau = Peace prize for easing Cold War tensions OTHER KEY EVENTS: CIDA (help underdeveloped), 1979 USSR into Afghanistan (increased Cold War/1980 Olympics boycott)