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2. Microorganisms to Multicellular Organisms
Animal Circulation
Microorganisms to Multicellular Organisms

3. Size Matters: Surface/Volume Ratio
unfold the cube’s surfaces
1 cm
volume = 1 cm3
S/V=6.0
surface = 6 cm2
unfold the cube’s surfaces
2 cm
DB25020.jpg
volume = 8 cm3
S/V=3.0
surface = 24 cm2
Larger organisms have less surface area relative to volume than do smaller organisms. Materials inside have less contact with surface, so circulation inside is needed!
Conclusion?

4. Circulation of materials in the body
Size matters: microorganisms use simple diffusion and osmosis
Occasionally amplified by facilitated diffusion or active transport
Or vesicular transport!
Altering shape may make diffusion uptake a shorter, faster path
osmosis
diffusion
active transport
Cyclosis in the cell helps circulate materials taken up
vesicular transport

5. Circulation in an Amoeba which has a shell…
This is another example of eukaryotic cyclosis (cytoplasmic streaming) to facilitate gas exchange and nutrient exchange in larger cells

6. In Stentor, a narrow elongate shape permits faster diffusion.
In Stentor, a narrow elongate shape permits faster diffusion.
Myonemes along body wall allow shape contraction to mix cell contents.
Exterior circulation by cilia helps move fresh water for gas exchange, nutrients closer to body, for exchange.

7. Sponge Morphology

8. Basic Sponge Anatomy: Fundamentally two-layered body wall
Ostia surrounded by porocyte permit entry of water and particulates
Flagellated cells feed on particulates and move water out osculum

9. Sponge choanocyte: feeding flagellated cell with microvilli collar
flagellum

12. This is a colony of polyps with tentacles for feeding
The yellow-brown color is due to endosymbiotic dinoflagellates
Cnidarians have just the two tissue layers, so internal circulation is not critical, exchanges are diffusion

13. Polyplacophora: chitons
The most-primitive mollusc has 8 valves (plates) protecting its soft tissues beneath. The chiton foot attaches to rocks and the animal uses its radula to scrape organic material from the rock surfaces.

14. After working hard to remove the “suck rock” organism from the rock, the ventral surface of the chiton shows the obvious mollusc features.
gills
foot
mouth
(radula inside)

15. This cartoon shows a longitudinal slice of a chiton with the three principal parts: foot (locomotion or attachment), visceral mass (internal organs), and mantle (secretes valves).
dorsal aorta
gonad
heart
valve plates
pericardial cavity
(coelom)
hemocoel
ventricle
radula
auricle
mantle
mouth
anus
foot
digestive gland
stomach
nephridium
nephridiopore
ventral nerve cord
(not shown)
gonopore

16. How does the bivalve know you are swimming by? Eyes!
Evaginated gills provide increased surface area for gas exchange

17. Nephridia cleanse the blood of nitrogenous waste.
This cartoon is shows a plane of section perpendiular to the previous one.
hinge and ligament
The foot can push a bivalve through sediments.
The food-trapping gills are used for gas exchange.
The heart pumps the blood into the hemocoel bathing the tissues. It goes through the gills for gas exchange. The blood then returns to the heart.
shell
heart
nephridium
intestine
mantle
gonad
gills
foot
Nephridia cleanse the blood of nitrogenous waste.

18. Open Circulatory Systems
Fig Page 995
Hemocyanin and hemoglobin are present in this group
Hemocyanin is plesiomorphic and less efficient than hemoglobin

19. In insects such as this grasshopper, circulation is an open system
The “blood” of a grasshopper contains a greenish hemocyanin rather than the red hemoglobin for oxygen transport.
The “blood” reenters the circulation system via the ostia for anterior flow.
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Circulation is not for gas exchange; uses trachea system.
Body movement increases rate when more nutrients are needed.
Seems inefficient for an active animal!

20. Hemolymph Circulation in Dorsal Vessel of Insects

21. Lumbriculus variegatus : California mudworm
This is an aquatic oligochaete annelid
Mouth feeds in sediments
Tail extends toward water surface for gas exchange
Body walls nearly transparent for easy observation
For example: may count pulses of blood in dorsal vessel

22. Circulation in Lumbricus terrestris (showing just the left arches)
aortic arch
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What is NOT shown well in this cartoon?
Gas exchange!

23. Evolution of circulation systems among vertebrate classes
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Incomplete separation of two sides means mixing blood of different quality. Amphibians have skin exchange and reptiles have laminar flow.
or BIRD
Homeotherms!
Two capillary beds means slower flow, but gills are efficient

24. Respiratory/Circulatory Systems
Ventilation system
Fig 44.1 Page 979

25. Circulation system in mammal (Homo sapiens)
gas exchange
muscular pump
glucose control
blood cell replacement
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
nitrogenous waste
absorbing nutrients
gas exchange
nutrient exchange

26. Blood movement within the four-chambered heart of vertebrates
return from body
…to body
…to lung
…from lung
semilunar valve
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semilunar valve
mitral valve
tricuspid valve
Note: arteries take blood away from the heart…veins return to heart
The difference is NOT about whether the blood is oxygenated or not!

27. 2 1 DUB!! 3 4 Atria contract: ventricles filled, valves close
Heart relaxes: atria filled by system pressure 1 2
LUB
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DUB!!
Ventricles contract: blood sent to lungs and body
Heart relaxes: system pressure closes valves 3 4

28. The sounds are the slamming of valves…contraction is silent!
initial instrinsic stimulus from “pacemaker”
atrial contraction
“LUB”
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and Purkinje fibers
ventricular contraction
“DUB”
Frog Lab Exercise: neural and intrinsic control
The sounds are the slamming of valves…contraction is silent!

29. An electrocardiogram (EKG): the electrical changes recorded from electrodes attached to the skin reveal the electrical activity of the heart.
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In abnormal heart behavior, this recording may reveal where trouble spots exist within the heart’s electrical controls.

30. Comparative structure of blood vessels
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High Pressure
Low Pressure
Exchange
Which of these has the greatest surface to volume ratio?

31. artery vein smooth muscle less smooth muscle no valves
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vein
smooth muscle
no valves
less smooth muscle
valves significant

32. Veins in valves: “check valves” prevent back flow during heart cycles:
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Pressure Pulse
Pressure Subsides
Valves prevent backflow
abnormal valve
during atrial contraction
“varicose veins”

33. Blood clotting (thrombosis) in a veinule
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A thrombus that breaks free and moves through the rest of the circulation system is called a thromboembolus and can lodge in other areas of the body resulting in pulmonary (lung) embolism, stroke (brain), or myocardial (heart) infarction.

34. Atheroschloersis: “hardening of the arteries”
Normal artiole
Arteriole occluded with fatty plaque
Blood flow will be restricted, oxygenation will be reduced.
Even a small group of cells could completely cut off the flow (myocardial infarction).
plaque
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35. Blood pressure varies with distance from heart
BP is usually measured in the radial artery
aorta
arteries
systolic pressure
120
100 80 60 40 20
When a sphygmomanometer gives a result of 120/80 mm Hg, it is interpreted as close to normal for men.
arterioles
mean pressure
diastolic pressure
Blood pressure (mm Hg)
capillaries
veinules
veins
vena cava
Distance traveled by blood from left ventricle

36. Flow rate in blood vessels in a circulation system
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Branching explains why you don’t get the “thumb on the hose nozzle” effect

37. Frog foot webbing capillaries come close to each body cell
Human capillaries are only wide enough for one RBC to pass
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38. Capillary walls are a single endothelial cell joined at edges
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pinocytosis (vesicular transport) brings materials through capillary wall

39. Fig Page 997

40. Pressure differentials across the capillary walls drive pinocytosis
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41. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction determine relative exchanges
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Arteriolar
constriction

42. The brain can selectively alter blood flow in tissues by sphincters
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normal temperature
cold flushing of skin
Or embarrassment

43. Head blood vessels show extensive capillary beds in “face”
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44. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

45. Figure page 985
Figure page 989

46. Iron is a macroelement for vertebrates!
Oxygen is bound to hemoglobin at the chelation site of iron (Fe) in heme:
H3C HC
CH2 C C
notice the resonating bond system to help trap the oxygen molecule in large electron cloud HC CH C C N C
O=O .. C
H3C C C
CH3 N Fe N
H2C C C CH
CH2 C C N
CH2 HC C C CH
COOH C C
CH2
CH3
CH2
COOH
Iron is a macroelement for vertebrates!

47. Gas exchanges at the blood-tissue interface
CO2 O2
tissue cell cytosol
CO2
CO2
+ H2O
HCO H+
capillary plasma
red blood cell
CO2
+ H2O
HCO3- + H+
H+ + HbO2
HHb + O2
CO2 + HbO2
HbCO2 + O2

48. circulation direction
CO2
CO2 O2
H2O
HbO2
HbO2
HbO2
H2O
CO2
CO2
H2O
HbO2
HCO3- H+
HbO2
lungs
HCO3- H+
tissues
HHb
HCO3-
HHb
HHb
HCO3-
HCO3- O2 O2 O2 O2

49. Dissociation curves for hemoglobin explain oxygen exchange
100 80 60 40 20
Unloading to tissues at normal pH
Oxygen unloaded at low pH (high CO2)
Low blood pH
Normal blood pH
Percent saturation of Hb with O2
Exercise
Rest
Lungs
Oxygen partial pressure (mm Hg)

50. Percent saturation of Hb with O2
A placental mammal fetus has fetal hemoglobin with higher affinity for oxygen than the mother’s hemoglobin in the placenta
100 80 60 40 20
Unloading to fetal tissues
transfer of oxygen from maternal to fetal hemoglobin in the placenta
Percent saturation of Hb with O2
Fetus
Mother
Oxygen partial pressure (mm Hg)

51. Human and Maternal/Fetal circulation
capillary bed
shunts away from lungs
artery or vein?
artery
or vein?
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artery or vein?
artery or vein?
arterioles
veinules
capillary bed
Note: What kind of circulation is shown in placenta?

52. Percent saturation of Hb with O2
The mammal body tissues possess myoglobin, which has an even higher affinity for oxygen:
100 80 60 40 20
Unloading to fetal tissue myoglobin
transfer of oxygen from maternal to fetal hemoglobin in the placenta
Percent saturation of Hb with O2
Fetus
Mother
Oxygen partial pressure (mm Hg)
Myoglobin in tissues has higher oxygen affinity than hemoglobin

53. Circulation system in mammal (Homo sapiens)
gas exchange
muscular pump
glucose control
blood cell replacement
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
nitrogenous waste
absorbing nutrients
gas exchange
nutrient exchange

54. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

55. Animal Altitude % RBC ∆%
Percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells
Animal
Altitude
% RBC ∆%
Human
Sea level
5,360 m
46%
60%
14%
Sheep
4,700 m
35%
50%
15%
Dog
4,540 m
Rabbit
5,340 m
57%
22%
Vicuña
30%
32% 2%

56. The vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) is a camelid inhabiting high-altitude regions of the Andes mountains.
It is a relative of llama, alpaca, and guanaco…and interbreeding among these four is possible.

57. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

58. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

59. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

60. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company