1. Solutions

2. Definitions  Solution -  Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount~ does the dissolving. Solute Solute - substance being dissolved

3. Types of Solutions  Based on state of solvent.  All solid-liquid-gas combos are possible.  EX: dental amalgam (alloy of liquid mercury and a powder containing silver, tin, copper, zinc and other metals.) liquid solute, solid solvent solid solution

4. Nonliquid Solutions  Solutions can be gasses or solids. Example: Air you breathe is a solution!  78% Nitrogen  21% Oxygen  1% Other gases (argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen…) Example: Bronze is a solid solution of copper and tin!

5. Dissolving  Solvation occurs at the surface of the solute solvent particles surround solute particles (+/- attraction) solute particles are pulled into solution

6. Rate of Dissolving  Solids dissolve faster... more stirring small particle size (increased surface area) high temperature

7. Rate of Dissolving  Gases dissolve faster... no shaking or stirring high pressure low temperature

9. Section 2: Solubility and Concentration

10. Solubility  Solubility maximum grams of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature

11. Concentration  Concentrated solution large amount of solute  Dilute solution small amount of solute

12. Precise Concentrations  Percent by Volume Usually liquid in liquid EX: 10% juice = 10mL juice + 90mL water  Percent by Mass Usually solid in liquid EX: 20% NaCl = 20g NaCl + 80g water

13. Concentration SATURATED SOLUTION no more solute dissolves UNSATURATED SOLUTION more solute dissolves SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION becomes unstable, crystals form concentration

14. Solubility  Solubility Curve shows how solubility and temperature are related.

15. Solubility  Solids are more soluble at... high temperatures.  Gases are more soluble at... low temperatures. high pressures (Henry’s Law).

16. Section 3 Particles in Solution

17. Electrolytes Electrolyte Non- Electrolyte Electrolytes are compounds that break apart in water, forming charged particles (ions) that can conduct electricity. - + salt - + sugar - + acetic acid Weak Electrolyte

18. Electrolytes  Dissociation separation of +/- ions when an ionic compound dissolves in water

19. Forming Electrolytes  1. Ionization breaking apart of polar covalent molecules into ions when dissolving in water  2. Dissociation Process in which an ionic solid separates into it’s positive and negative ions.

20. Colligative Properties  Colligative properties- properties of solutions that depend only on solute concentration  Freezing Point Depression solutes lower the freezing point of a solvent  Boiling Point Elevation solutes raise the boiling point of a solvent

21. Colligative Properties View Flash animation.Flash animation Freezing Point Depression

22. Colligative Properties Solute particles “get in the way.” Boiling Point Elevation

23. Colligative Properties  Effect increases as the solute concentration increases.  Uses: antifreeze making ice cream salting icy roads

24. Section 4 Dissolving Without Water

26. When Water Won’t Work!  Water is referred to as the “Universal Solvent” because it can dissolve many things… But~ not everything!  Oil for example!

27. “Like Dissolves Like”  Detergents polar “head” with long nonpolar “tail” can dissolve both types

28. Versatile Alcohol  Ethanol is a molecule that can form solutions with both polar and non polar solutes because ethanol molecules have both a polar and a non polar end.

29. How Soap Works  Oils on human skin and hair help them from drying out, but oils attract and hold dirt too.  Water alone cannot remove the dirt and oil because water is polar and the oil/dirt mixture is non polar.  Soap helps because it has an ionic (charged) end that will dissolve in water, and a long hydrocarbon portion that will dissolve in oily dirt.

31. Polarity and Vitamins  Some vitamins you need are nonpolar (they don’t dissolve in water) These vitamins dissolve and are stored in fat! If you take too many vitamin supplements some of these vitamins can accumulate to toxic levels in your body.