1. SuperGrid Update (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).1

2. SuperGrid Update (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).2 SuperGrid Update EPRI Superconductivity Working Group 3 April 2003 Milwaukee, WI Paul M. Grant Science Fellow SS&T pgrant@epri.com Electric Power Research Institute Palo Alto, California USA

3. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).3 1967 SC Cable ! 100 GW dc, 1000 km !

4. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).4 Garwin-Matisoo Superconducting Lines for the Transmission of Large Amounts of Electric Power over Great Distances, R. L. Garwin and J. Matisoo, Proceedings of the IEEE 55, 538 (1967)

5. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).5 Garwin-Matisoo Nb 3 Sn Wire T C = 9 K LHe liquid-vapor cooled LN 2 heat shield

6. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).6 Electricity Pipe P.M. Grant, S. Schoenung, W. Hassenzahl, EPRI Report 8065-12, 1997 Initial EPRI study on long distance (1000 km) HTSC dc cable cooled by liquid nitrogen -- 1997 --

7. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).7 P.M. Grant, The Industrial Physicist, Feb/March Issue, 2002 http://www.aip.org/tip/INPHFA/vol-8/iss-1/p22.pdf Supermarket School Home Family Car DNA-to-order.com Nuclear plant H2H2 H2H2 MgB 2 SuperCity

8. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).8 “Continential SuperGrid Workshop,” UIUC/Rockefeller U., Palo Alto, Nov. 2002 http://www.epri.com/journal/details.asp?doctype=features&id=511 SuperGrid

9. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).9 Chicago! Power Plants SuperCity SuperGrid

10. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).10 2 April 2003: abcNEWS.com They are proposing something they call a SuperGrid.”

11. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).11 SuperCables H2H2 H2H2 Circuit #1 +v I -v I H2H2 H2H2 Circuit #2 Multiple circuits can be laid in single tunnel +v -v I I

12. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).12 SuperCable HV Insulation “Super- Insulation” DODO Hydrogen DH2DH2 Superconductor t sc

13. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).13 60 meters, 1.2 mm Mono MgB 2 CTFF Iron in Monel Multi-filament J e = 25,000 A/cm 2 @ 20 K HyperTech MgB 2 Wire

14. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).14 Power Flows P H2 = 2(QρvA) H2, where P H2 = Chemical power flow Q = Gibbs H 2 oxidation energy (2.46 eV per mol H 2 ) ρ = H 2 Density v = H 2 Flow Rate A = Cross-sectional area of H 2 cryotube P SC = 2|V|IA SC, where P SC = Electric power flow V = Voltage to neutral (ground) I = Supercurrent A SC = Cross-sectional area of superconducting annulus Hydrogen Electricity

15. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).15 3183.8110500 “Equivalent” Current Density (A/cm 2 ) H 2 Flow Rate (m/sec) Inner Pipe Diameter, D H2 (cm) Power (MW) Hydrogen (LH 2, 20 K) Electric & H 2 Power 0.12525,000100,000+/- 50001000 Annular Wall Thickness (cm) Critical Current Density (A/cm 2 ) Current (A)Voltage (V)Power (MW) Electricity

16. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).16 Thermal Losses W R = 0.5εσ (T 4 amb – T 4 SC ), where W R = Power radiated in as watts/unit area σ = 5.67×10 -12 W/cm 2 K 4 T amb = 300 K T SC = 20 K ε = 0.05 per inner and outer tube surface D SC = 10 cm W R = 3.6 W/m Superinsulation: W R f = W R /(n-1), where n = number of layers Target: W R f = 0.5 W/m requires ~10 layers Other addenda (convection, conduction): W A = 0.5 W/m W T = W R f + W A = 1.0 W/m Radiation Losses

17. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).17 Heat Removal dT/dx = W T /(ρvC P A) H2, where dT/dx = Temp rise along cable, K/m W T = Thermal in-leak per unit Length ρ = H 2 Density v = H 2 Flow Rate C P = H 2 Heat Capacity A = Cross-sectional area of H 2 cryotube Take W T = 1.0 W/m, then dT/dx = 1.89  10 -5 K/m, Or, 0.2 K over a 10 km distance

18. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).18 Remaining Issues Current stabilization via voltage control Magnetic forces Hydrogen gas cooling and transport Pumping losses Hydrogen storage Costs !!

19. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).19 Hindenburg Hysteria The Hindenburg did not crash Because of a hydrogen leak!

20. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).20 Tunnels Yamanashi MagLev Test Line

21. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).21 Tunnels for the SuperGrid Joint efforts with research groups, engineering firms, contractors, and machine manufactures to develop and demonstrate appropriate excavation and tunneling systems Link directional drilling, micro-tunneling and larger tunnel boring machine technologies Support demonstration projects using advanced technologies for driving tunnels (e.g., VLHC @ Fermilab) What’s Needed:

22. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).22 Rock Group

23. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).23 Transformer Form Factors Waukasha Transformer Sizes WeightWidthLength 300 MVA lbs, in500,00080200 tons, ft2506.6716.67 30 MVA Conventional lbs, in96,000108108 tons, ft489.009.00 30 MVA Superconducting lbs, in 32,000 3672 tons, ft1636

24. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).24 “Heavy Movers” CalTrans/CHP "18" Wheelers:20,000lbs/axle =80,000lbs gross =40tons

25. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).25 “Heavy Lifters” Helicopters Boeing Chinook CH-47F Max Gross Weight: 50,000 lbs = 25tons Empty: 23,401 lbs =11.70tons "Freight" 26,599 lbs =13.30tons Planes Lockheed C-5A Galaxy 4000 Mile Range: 250,000 lbs = 125tons 8000 Mile Range: 125,000 lbs =63tons

26. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).26 A Moveable Substation

27. SuperGrid Update: PMG PDASWG Talk (Milwaukee, 3 April 2003).27 Supergrid Opportunities Long-term project Large capital costs for installation Special requirements for installing the grid: tunnel size, lengths of runs, ranges of ground conditions to be encountered. Trend with time: less space and more difficult access for installing utlities. Less public tolerance for disturbance Increasing use of tunneling and trenchless technologies rather than trenching and open excavation. Focus for improving tunneling technology for supergrid: –Contracting practices: mitigation and assignment of risk –Joint efforts with research groups, engineering firms, contractors, and machine manufactures to develop and demonstrate excavation and tunneling systems that will fit the requirements of the project –Link directional drilling, micro-tunneling and larger tunnel boring machine technologies. –Support demonstration projects using advanced technologies for driving tunnels.