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2. Introduction to Primary Health Care William R. Brieger, MPH, CHES, DrPh Johns Hopkins University 1

3. Section A What Is Primary Health Care? 2

4. PHC Is Essential Health Care Practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable methods and technology Made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community 3Continued

5. PHC Is Essential Health Care Through their full participation At a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development In the spirit of self-reliance and self- determination 4

6. Primary Health Care Forms an integral part of the countrys health system Is the central function and main focus Is also integral to the overall social and economic development of the community 5Continued

7. Primary Health Care Is the first level of contact for individuals, the family, and the community with the national health system Is a continuing health care process Brings health care as close as possible to where people live and work 6

8. Primary Health Care In a Social Context Reflects and evolves from the economic conditions and socio-cultural and political characteristics of the country and its communities Is based on the application of the relevant results of social, biomedical and health services research, and public health experience 7Continued

9. Primary Health Care In a Social Context Addresses the main health problems in the community, providing promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative services accordingly 8

10. Essential Components/Services that Comprise PHC At the time of Alma Ata, eight services were defined Since then more have been added by – International agencies – Individual countries 9

11. Eight Essential Components of PHC Services 1. Education concerning prevailing health problems and methods of preventing and controlling them (planned learning activities, voluntary behavior change, full participation) Source: Save the Children 10Continued

12. 2. Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition 11Continued

13. 3. Maternal and child health care, including family planning 12Continued

14. 4. Immunization against the major infectious diseases Polio may soon be eradicated through worldwide immunization campaigns 13Continued

15. Source: The Carter Center 5. Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases such as Guinea Worm and malaria 14Continued

16. Images courtesy of the Carter Center 6. Supply of adequate water and sanitation: Drink water from a sanitary well (left)not a guinea- worm infested pond (right) Note: Man on right is using a filtering pipe to drink out of pond. 15Continued

17. 7. Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries at a local government health center; from a village health worker 16Continued

18. 8. Provision of essential drugs: essential drug lists, Bamako Initiativesrevolving funds; collaboration with indigenous healers; training patent medicine vendors 17

19. PHC Involves All related sectors and aspects of national and community development Maximum community self-reliance and participation in the planning, organization, operation, and control of care Making fullest use of local, national, and other available resources Developing (through appropriate education) the ability of communities to participate 18

20. PHC Relies on Integrated, functional, and mutually supportive referral systems Health workers, including physicians, nurses, midwives, auxiliaries, community workers, and traditional practitioners A response to the expressed needs of the community The spirit of partnership and service 19

21. PHC Aims to Achieve An acceptable level of health for all the people of the world A fuller and better use of worlds resources, through a genuine policy of independence, peace, détente, and disarmament An acceleration of social and economic development, of which PHC is an essential part 20

22. Section B Social Sciences 21

23. Social Sciences Sociology is the general science of society and is concerned with relationships – The family – Social groups – Roles and responsibilities – Social networks 22Continued

24. Unity Star Club 23

25. Social Sciences Economics studies how individuals and societies use productive resources available to them Cost may be one reason why these maternity beds are empty 24Continued

26. Social Sciences Anthropology is the study of the culture and way of life of various societies The crocodile, symbol of the river goddessYemoja,helps prevent smallpox brought on by the wrath of the Supreme Being, Olodumare, represented by Soponna 25Continued

27. Social Sciences Political science looks at the use of power, the machinery of government, the formulation and implementation of policy, and the decision-making process – May start with airing views at a village meeting – Challenge in public health of greeting grassroots views heard by policy makers 26Continued

28. Village meeting 27

29. Social Sciences Geography concerns the distribution of human activities in space – Onchocerciasis if live near river – Delay in care if live far from facility – Poor road network, higher cost of products 28Continued

30. Map of Ido 29

31. Implications of the Social Sciences For the Contents of Alma Ata Sociological Geographical Political Economical Cultural/Anthropological 30

32. Sociological Implications Permit them to lead a socially productive life Evolves from the socio-cultural characteristics of the country Involves all related sectors and aspects of national and community development Contact of individuals, the family, and the community with the national health system 31

33. Geographical Implications Made universally accessible Bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work Local and referral levels 32

34. Political Implications Existing gross inequality is unacceptable Through their full participation In the spirit of social justice Governments have a responsibility for the health of their people In the spirit of self-determination Giving priority to those in most need All governments should formulate national policies 33

35. Economic Implications Permit them to lead an economically productive life Spirit of self-reliance At a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain Reflects the economic conditions Making fullest use of local, national, and other available resources 34

36. Cultural Implications Socially acceptable methods and technology, as well as traditional practitioners Expressed needs of the community 35

37. Section C Approaches to PHC 36

38. Two Approaches to PHC Comprehensive PHC According to Alma Ata Second order change – A new way of doing things Community development Full participation Community diagnosis Change in relationships/partnership Organizational change 37

39. Rethinking PHC Selective Primary Care First order change – Substitution of one way for another Target diseases Specific technologies Focused ethnographic assessment Individual behavior change Organizational enhancement 38

40. Comprehensive PHC Focuses on Processes Health development: Local leadership and capabilities How interventions might be accepted in context of local cultural practices, organizational strengths, and appropriate technologies 39

41. Selective PHC Focuses on Programs and Products For example, oral rehydration, immunization, and bed nets Identifying and transferring specific, effective, and economical technologies designed to reduce disease morbidity and morality 40

42. Different Approaches to PHC Imply different understandings of the role of human behavior in health – Selective PHC Behavior as an item to be targeted with messages and manipulated for health effects 41Continued

43. Different Approaches to PHC – Comprehensive PHC Behavior as an integrated part of personality and culture The person and community have the right to change or not Behavior change arises through dialogue and mutual understanding Copyright 2005, The Johns Hopkins University and Bill Brieger. All rights reserved. Use of these materials permitted only in accordance with license rights granted. Materials provided AS IS; no representations or warranties provided. User assumes all responsibility for use, and all liability related thereto, and must independently review all materials for accuracy and efficacy. May contain materials owned by others. User is responsible for obtaining permissions for use from third parties as needed. 42