1. Fundamentals of Biology: Building Blocks, Challenges, and Evolution http://community.webshots.com/photo/1098385609029448148TPhhYchttp://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/cellulose.GIF

2. Building Blocks of Life: Important Molecules  Water (H 2 O)  Gases (O 2, CO 2 )  Nutrients  Nitrate (NO 3 - ), nitrite (NO 2 - ), ammonia (NH 4 + )  Phosphate (PO 4 -3 )  Silica (SiO 2 )  Iron (Fe), and other trace metals

3. Important Molecules  Carbohydrates (C, H, O)  sugars, starches – energy  cellulose, chitin - structure  Lipids (C, H, O, some P)  fats, oils, waxes – energy, buoyancy, insulation  structural – cell membranes  hormones – messengers http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/cellulose.GIF

4. Important Molecules  Proteins (C, H, O, N, some S)  amino acids  enzymes – metabolism  hormones – messengers  hemoglobin – oxygen transportation  structural – hair, nails, feathers, skin, muscle http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/graphics/images/2008/04-08Hemoglobin.jpghttp://www.rsc.org/images/FEATURE-NOBEL-350_tcm18-136787.jpg http://www.3dchem.com/imagesofmolecules/aspartic-acid.jpg

5. Important Molecules  Nucleic acids (C, H, O, N, P)  nucleotides – genetic information  DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – chromosomes, genes  RNA (ribonucleic acid) – translate to proteins  ATP (adenosine triphosphate) – store and transfer energy http://www.ericharshbarger.org/lego/images/dna/helix_0.jpg

6. From Atoms to Ecosystems

7. http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/Life/images/celltypes.gif molecules → organelles → cell (organism) molecules → cell (organism) cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism cells → tissues → organism

8. From Atoms to Ecosystems http://community.webshots.com/photo/1098385609029448148TPhhYc organism → population → community → ecosystem

9. Ecosystems and Adaptations  Adaptation:  The adjustment or changes in behavior, physiology, and structure of an organism to become more suited to an environment. (http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Adaptation)  A characteristic of an organism that makes it fit for its environment or for its particular way of life. (McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Bioscience. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.)

10. Challenges of Life in the Ocean  Organisms deal with challenges that are unique to marine environment  Must maintain suitable conditions inside their body, regardless of the external conditions - Homeostasis

11. Challenges of Life in the Ocean - Temperature  Dictates where organisms live  Affects how organisms metabolize  Physiologically adapted to live within a certain temperature range USFWS NOAA

12. Challenges of Life in the Ocean - Temperature

13. Challenges of Life in the Ocean - Temperature  Ectotherms  “Cold-blooded”, metabolic heat lost  Cannot regulate internal temperature, so same temperature as environment (poikilotherms)  Most marine animals (invertebrates, most fish, most reptiles) NOAA http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/sertc/gallery.htm http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/other/bay_anchovy.jpg

14. Challenges of Life in the Ocean - Temperature  Endotherms  “Warm-blooded”, metabolic heat retained (fat, feathers for insulation)  Can regulate internal temperature, regardless of external environment (homeotherms)  Mammals, birds

15. Challenges of Life in the Ocean - Temperature  Endotherms  Some large fish and turtles are endotherms, but not homeotherms  Metabolic heat retained, so warmer than surroundings, but internal temperature is relative, not set http://www.mbayaq.org/efc/living_species/organism_images/lsl_open_m163.jpg http://getinvolved.conservation.org/images/content/pagebuilder/10733.jpg

16. Challenges of Life in the Ocean - Salinity  Diffusion – molecules move from high concentrations to low until equal  Cell membranes are selectively permeable to different substances  Osmosis – passive diffusion of water across membranes  Active transport – expend energy to work against diffusion

17. Challenges of Life in the Ocean - Salinity Osmoconformers – do not regulate

18. Challenges of Life in the Ocean - Salinity Osmoregulators

19. Challenges of Life in the Ocean - Salinity Osmoregulators Hawksbill turtles have glands (near eyes) to excrete excess salt

20. Evolution  The gradual change in the genetic makeup of species and populations  The diversity of organisms today is the result of billions of years of evolution http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~dmellor/Site/Blog/53672D17-7066-49D8-AC2B-B37F99DF76F7_files/Evolution-diagram_op_800x467.jpg

21. Evolution  Theory of evolution – not a hypothesis, but a widely accepted scientific concept  Evidence exists from the past (fossils)  Evolution observed within our lifetime (bacteria, plants, worms, insects) http://www.phyletisches-museum.uni-jena.de/images/archaeopteryx_berlin_1864.jpg

22. Evolution  Adaptation and natural selection – individuals best adapted to their environment survive and produce offspring  Changes and challenges – adapt or become extinct http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/gctext/Inquiries/Inquiries%20in%20Global%20Change_files/image096.jpg

23. Phylogenetics  Reconstructs evolution by grouping organisms by their relatedness  Fossil record (incomplete)  Body structure  Reproduction and behavior  Embryology and larval development  Genetics (DNA, RNA)

24. Phylogenetics http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/library/images/news_articles/big_274_3.jpg using ribosomal RNA sequence Carl Woese

25. Phylogenetics

26. Classification of Organisms Kingdom

27. sub-, super-, infra-categories, too: - subclass Placentalia (placentals) - suborder Odontoceti (toothed whales) Classification of Organisms

28.  Species – binomial nomenclature (Linnaeus) Genus species  Use instead of common names to avoid confusion: “Dolphin”  Coryphaena hippurus – Mahi mahi fish  Tursiops truncatus – Flipper http://www.fisheries.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/15886/fad-underwater-dolphinfish.jpg http://www.coralreefnetwork.com/stender/marine/mammals/Bottlenose%20Dolphin.jpg

29. Classification of Organisms  Species – “populations of organisms that have common characteristics and can successfully breed with each other” Acropora palmataAcropora cervicornis http://www.floridamarine.org/images/gallery/

30. Classification of Organisms  One species or three? Montastraea annularisMontastraea faveolataMontastraea franksi http://www.uiowa.edu/~geology/people/faculty/budd/corals/panama.htmlhttp://www.sci.sdsu.edu/PHAGE/images/Montastraea%20franksi-closeup_JPG.jpg