2. Based on the picture and your readings, what conclusions can you draw? What are the people doing? Why do Muslims kneel, bow, and touch their foreheads to the ground when they pray?

3.  Islam’s most sacred sanctuary  Located in Makkah, Saudi Arabia  Muslims believe Abraham and his son Ishmael built it.  It contains the Black Stone, the cornerstone of the Kaaba  50’ high, 33’ wide, 40’ long  The outer black cloth contains verses from the Quran  Pilgrims walk around the track 7 times, reciting the Quran

6. Islam  An Abrahamic Religion  Muslims are strict monotheists.  They believe in the Judeo- Christian God, which they call Allah.  Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is the word of God. Peoples of the Book

7. Abraham’s Genealogy ABRAHAM SARAH HAGAR Isaac Esau Jacob 12 Tribes of Israel Ishmael 12 Arabian Tribes

8. The Prophetic Tradition Adam Noah Abraham Moses Jesus Muhammad

10. The Origins of the Qur’an  Muhammad received his first revelation from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610.  622  Hijrah  Muhammed flees Mecca for Medina. * The beginning of the Muslim calendar (1 A.H.)  Muhammad’s revelations were compiled into the Qur’an after his death.

11. The Qur’an  Muslims believe it contains the word of God.  114 suras (chapters).  In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful.  Written in Arabic.

13. 1. The Shahada 1 1  The testimony.  The declaration of faith: There is no god worthy of worship except God, and Muhammad is His Messenger [or Prophet]. There is no god worthy of worship except God, and Muhammad is His Messenger [or Prophet].

14. 2. The Salat 2 2  The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed  Wash before praying.  Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.

15. 2. The Salat 2 2  The call to prayer by the muezzin in the minaret.  Pray in the mosque on Friday.

16. 3. The Zakat 3 3  Almsgiving (charitable donations).  Muslims believe that all things belong to God.  Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.”  About 2.5% of your income.

17. 4. The Sawm 4 4  Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.  Considered a method of self- purification.  No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.

18. 5. The Hajj 5 5  The pilgrimage to Mecca.  Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime.  2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.

19. 5. The Hajj 5 5  Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the title hajji to their name.

20. The Dar al-Islam 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 The World of Islam Unifying source Compare to European Catholicism

21. The Mosque  The Muslim place of worship.

22. The Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem Mount Moriah Rock where Muhammad ascended into heaven.

23.  Built by Muslims in 691 C.E.  Muslims believe Muhammad ascended into Paradise from here  He returned to earth and brought Allah’s message to all people  Jews honor the site as the place where Abraham was prepared to sacrifice his son, Isaac

24. Say O Muslims: We believe in God and that which is revealed unto us and that which was revealed unto Abraham, and Ishmael, and Isaac, and Jacob, and the tribes, and that which Moses and Jesus received, and that which the Prophets received from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them, and unto Him we have surrendered. 1.What does this Quran passage tell you about how Muslims view the teachings of the Hebrew prophets and Jesus? 2.How do Muslims view Jesus? 3.What is one belief that Muslims, Jews, and Christians share? They accept them As equals to the prophets Monotheistic; share some of the Prophets

25. Other Islamic Religious Practices  Up to four wives allowed at once.  No alcohol or pork.  No gambling.  Sharia  body of Islamic law to regulate daily living.  Three holiest cities in Islam: * Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.

26. Essential Question: Why was Islam able to spread so quickly and convert so many to the new religion?

27. The Spread of Islam  Easy to learn and practice.  No priesthood.  Teaches equality.  Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes.  Easily “portable”  nomads & trade routes.  Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans and other non-believers (“infidels”).

28. What activity brought prosperity to the Islamic world? What 3 cities were important trade centers? Where did the majority of the people live during the early stages of the Arab Empire? Trade & agriculture Baghdad, Cairo, & Damascus In the Countryside

29. The Arab Empire and Its Successors 500 C.E. 700 C.E.900 C.E. 1100 C.E.1300 C.E. 570 C.E. Birth of Muhammad 680 C.E. Hussein leads revolt against Umayyad rule 661-750 C.E. Umayyad Dynasty 750-1258 Abbasid Dynasty 1.Which Muslim dynasty was in power in 732 C.E. when Arab forces were defeated in Gaul, halting Arab expansion in Europe? 2. About how many years did the Abbasid Dynasty last? 3. Muslims split into 2 main sects (Sunni & Shiite) after a revolt led by Hussein in what year? Umayyad 500 years 680 C.E.

30. Umayyad

31. Bedouin – Nomadic clansBedouin – Nomadic clans---------------------------------------------------Problems No successor to MuhammadNo successor to Muhammad Caliph – Political and religious successor to MuhammadCaliph – Political and religious successor to Muhammad

32. Sunni Muhammad left no successorMuhammad left no successor Felt caliph should be chosen by Muslim leadersFelt caliph should be chosen by Muslim leaders One is appointed from among peersOne is appointed from among peers Abu Bakr—Friend of MuhammadAbu Bakr—Friend of MuhammadShiite Muhammad left a chosen successorMuhammad left a chosen successor Felt only true successors were blood descendents of MuhammadFelt only true successors were blood descendents of Muhammad Ali—Son-in-law, cousin of MuhammadAli—Son-in-law, cousin of Muhammad

33. First Three Caliph’s Abu Bakr Expands the faithExpands the faithUmar Brought Jerusalem under controlBrought Jerusalem under controlUthman Belongs to Umayyad clanBelongs to Umayyad clan Murdered—Causes great conflict!!!Murdered—Causes great conflict!!!

34. Ali ShiiteShiite Appointed new CaliphAppointed new CaliphMu’awiya SunniSunni Leader of UmayyadsLeader of Umayyads Proclaimed CaliphProclaimed Caliph Ali is Murdered

35. Umayyad Rule Starts with Mu’awiyaStarts with Mu’awiya Capital moved to DamascusCapital moved to Damascus –Booty –Taxes –Governors –Religious freedom –Construction projects

36. Decline and Fall Some abandon simple lifestyleSome abandon simple lifestyle Many Muslims dissatisfiedMany Muslims dissatisfied Abbas – Leader of dissatisfied Muslims Allies with ShiitesAllies with Shiites Revolt against DamascusRevolt against Damascus Reconciliation BanquetReconciliation Banquet –Slaughtered Umayyads

37. Abbasid 750-1258

38. Independent kingdoms formingIndependent kingdoms forming 1055 Seljuk Sultans-authority1055 Seljuk Sultans-authority –captured and controlled Baghdad Crusades 1095Crusades 1095 –Christians capture portions of Holy Land –Saladin Mongols 1258Mongols 1258

39. Stearns, page 119; Glencoe, page 197 1.How far north did the Islam empires spread? 2. How did the Arabs benefit from expansion? Stopped by Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in France in 732; ended Arab European expansion Under the Abbasid Dynasty, the Arabs controlled some of the richest trade routes and provinces in the world