1. Climate Niche Competition Predation and herbivory Symbiotic relationships

2. Weather Day-to-day conditions are weather Climate Climate is year-after-year weather patterns

3. The greenhouse effect

4. Climate Zones Unequal distribution of the sun’s heat Tropical: 23.5· north to 23.5 south Direct sunlight Temperate: 23.5- 66.5 north and south Variable and seasonal Polar: 66.5-90 north and south Variable and seasonal

5. Where do winds come from?

6. Niche A niche is habitat plus ‘occupation’ What is your niche? Tolerances (sunlight, temp) Resources (water, food, space, light) Physical aspects (abiotic factors) Biotic factors for survival (type of food, how you get it)

7. Competition shapes communities Plant roots compete for water Animals compete for food, mates, places to live

8. Sharing resources

9. Predation, Herbivory Predators can affect the size of prey populations Herbivores can affect size and distribution of plants

10. Keystone species

11. Symbiosis “Living together” Three classes of symbiotic relationships in nature: Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism

12. Mutualism Mutualism: both partners benefit squid and bioluminescent bacteria Human gut microbiota Plant roots and nitrogen fixing bacteria

13. Parasitism One organism lives inside or on another, obtains all it’s nutrients from the host and harms the host Leech Fleas & ticks Tapeworm

14. Commensalism “Commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is neither harmed nor helped barnacles on gray whale Bird on cow

15. What about cows? Bacteria in a cow’s stomach break down the cellulose in grass, gaining nutrients Is this an example of commensalism or mutualism?