1. LECTURE 7 Theme: Military and police.

2. PLAN 1. Military and Police 2. Civil society. 3. Legal profession.

3. Military and Police The military and police are sometimes referred to as "the long arms of the law".

4. Civil society The term "civil society" traces back to Adam Ferguson, who saw the development of a "commercial state" as a way to change the corrupt feudal order and strengthen the liberty of the individual.

5. Later on, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, a German philosopher, made the distinction between society and the 'state' in his Elements of the Philosophy of Right.

6. Hegel thought civil society (Zivilgesellschaft) was a stage on the dialectical relationship between Hegel's perceived opposites, the macro- community of the state and the micro-community of the family.

7. The most crucial institution in the law is simply the civil partnerships and associations of ordinary people holding no official positions.

8. Freedom of Speech, and Freedom of Association are our human rights, our civil liberties and most developed and developing countries uphold them. They form the basis of an active, thoughtful and deliberative democracy.

9. The more people are involved with and concerned by how political power is exercised over their lives, the more acceptable and legitimate the law becomes to the people.

10. Developed political parties or debating clubs, trade unions, impartial media, charities and perhaps even online encyclopedias are signs of a healthy civil society.

11. Legal profession An English barrister Practice of law is typically overseen by either a government organization or independent regulating body such as a bar association, bar council, barrister society, or law society.

12. To practice law, the regulating body must certify the practitioner. This usually entails a two or three-year program at a university faculty of law or a law school, which earns the student a Bachelor of Laws, a Bachelor of Civil Law or a Juris Doctor degree.

13. This course of study is followed by an entrance examination (e.g. bar admission). Some countries require a further vocational qualification before a person is permitted to practice law.

14. In the case of those wishing to become a barrister, this would lead to a Barrister-at-law degree, followed by a year's apprenticeship under the oversight of an experienced barrister (or master).

15. Advanced law degrees are also often pursued, though they are academic degrees and are not required for the practice of law.

16. These include a Master of Laws, a Master of Legal Studies, and a Doctor of Laws.

17. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION