1. Pierre Elliott Trudeau Was the fifteenth Prime Minister of Canada from 20 April 1968 to 4 June 1979, and from 3 March 1980 to 30 June 1984. Was the fifteenth Prime Minister of Canada from 20 April 1968 to 4 June 1979, and from 3 March 1980 to 30 June 1984. Trudeau was the first Canadian Prime Minister born in the 20th century. Trudeau was the first Canadian Prime Minister born in the 20th century. Trudeau was a charismatic figure. Trudeau was a charismatic figure.

2. Trudeau’s Foreign Policy - a lot of Canadians were against the war - when Trudeau came to power, his views reflected the changing attitudes of Canadians at the time - he defied U.S. pressure and worked at establishing links with Communist nations around the world

3. What was Trudeau’s goal? - ease Cold War tensions by scaling back Canada’s participation in the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union - chart a course in foreign policy that was less dependent on U.S. approval

4. Diplomatic Recognition of Communist China - Mainland China was a great power and it would be economically beneficial to strengthen a trading relationship with it - This signalled the beginning of Canada’s growth as a Middle Power growth as a Middle Power

5. Canada as a Middle Power Prime Minister Trudeau went on a world tour endeavouring to engage world leaders in a campaign to mediate between the superpowers. Prime Minister Trudeau went on a world tour endeavouring to engage world leaders in a campaign to mediate between the superpowers.

6. Provincial Exam Sample Why was Canada viewed as a “middle power” after World War Two? Why was Canada viewed as a “middle power” after World War Two? A. It was a member of the Commonwealth. B. Its nuclear weapon program was developing. C. Its economy was based on primary resources. D. It was becoming influential in international affairs. affairs.

7. Changes to Canada’s National Defense 1970-72 Nuclear missiles were removed from Canada’s NATO forces in Nuclear missiles were removed from Canada’s NATO forces in Europe Europe1984 BOMARC missiles and nuclear warheads were removed from BOMARC missiles and nuclear warheads were removed from Canada Canada Spent less on national defense and reduced Canada’s NATO Spent less on national defense and reduced Canada’s NATO forces in Europe to half its former strength forces in Europe to half its former strength Still participated in NATO and NORAD Still participated in NATO and NORAD Military officers, diplomats, and US embassy did not like these actions

8. When asked about consequences for Canada-U.S. Relations… “Living next to you is in some ways like sleeping with an elephant. No matter how friendly and even-tempered is the beast, if I can call it that, one is affected by every twitch and grunt.” What is Trudeau implying here?

9. While Canada is a Middle Power…

12. 1983 1983 The U.S.A. increased its defence spending and a Korean passenger jet was shot down over the U.S.S.R. after it wandered into Russian air space. The U.S.A. increased its defence spending and a Korean passenger jet was shot down over the U.S.S.R. after it wandered into Russian air space. U.S. forces invaded Grenada and deposed a pro-Soviet government. U.S. forces invaded Grenada and deposed a pro-Soviet government.

13. Bridging the Gap as a Middle Power Economically the world was divided between rich and poor. Economically the world was divided between rich and poor. Rich=Northern Countries Poor=Southern Countries Trudeau government wanted to promote world peace and understanding between nations Trudeau government wanted to promote world peace and understanding between nations Trudeau’s plan Reduce nuclear weapons Reduce nuclear weapons Establish more trade with communist states Establish more trade with communist states Wanted more help for poor countries by rich North countries helping the poor South Wanted more help for poor countries by rich North countries helping the poor South This plan was called policy of trade and aid. This plan was called policy of trade and aid.

15. Implementing Tied Aid Trudeau also recognized the split between development in poorer countries and richer countries and part of his mission was to improve their economic status. Trudeau also recognized the split between development in poorer countries and richer countries and part of his mission was to improve their economic status. C.I.D.A., the Canadian International Development Agency, was formed to assist developing countries. C.I.D.A., the Canadian International Development Agency, was formed to assist developing countries. Canada used “tied-aid”, whereby countries receiving aid agreed to buy Canadian goods, as an improvement strategy. Canada used “tied-aid”, whereby countries receiving aid agreed to buy Canadian goods, as an improvement strategy.

16. Canada joined La Francophonie, an organization of French speaking countries, many former colonies of France. Canada joined La Francophonie, an organization of French speaking countries, many former colonies of France. Canada also participated in the Colombo Plan, a plan to assist developing countries. Canada also participated in the Colombo Plan, a plan to assist developing countries. Canada invited overseas students to study in Canada and sent experts overseas to give technical assistance. Canada invited overseas students to study in Canada and sent experts overseas to give technical assistance.

17. In February of 1984, after his famous walk in the snow, Trudeau decided to leave politics.