1. Cellular Respiration

2. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate
Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds
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3. ATP for energy
ATP powers cellular work- made in photosynthesis and cellular respiration
A cell does three main kinds of work:
Mechanical work, beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, and movement of chromosomes(produces heat)
Transport work, pumping substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement
Chemical work, driving endergonic reactions such as the synthesis of polymers from monomers

4. Electron Carrier: a molecule that picks up the
High Energy Electrons and Molecules
Electron Carrier: a molecule that picks up the
electron and uses this energy to break
apart bonds.
Examples of electron carriers: NADP and ATP
NADP captures two electrons of H and
becomes NADPH.
ADP becomes ATP!!!

6. How Does ATP Work? So what? Energy is stored in these bonds. So?
The breaking of the chemical bond releases the energy
ATP + H2O→ ADP + P + ENERGY
ATP is made in photosynthesis and respiration!!!
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a a molecule that carries energy that cells can use.

7. The bonds between phosphate groups can be broken by hydrolysis which produces energy!!!
ATP has 3 phosphate groups The bond to the third bond is easily broken. When the third bond is broken, energy is released. Becomes ADP – no energy!!
How Does ATP Work?

8. Chemical Structure of ATP
Adenine Base
3 Phosphates
Ribose Sugar
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9. What Does ATP Do for You? It supplies YOU with ENERGY!
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10. How Do We Get Energy From ATP?
By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP
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11. What is the Process Called?
HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O)
H2O
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12. How Does That Happen?
An Enzyme!
ATPase
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13. How is ATP Re-Made? The reverse of the previous process occurs.
Another Enzyme is used!
ATP Synthase
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14. The ADP-ATP Cycle
ATP Synthase
ATP-ase
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15. When is ATP Made in the Body?
During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals
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16. Cellular Respiration
The process in which cells turn food into usable energy in the form of ATP.

17. Cellular Respiration
RELEASES CHEMICAL ENERGY FROM SUGARS AND OTHER CARBON-BASED MOLECULES TO MAKE ATP WHEN OXYGEN IS PRESENT!!!! NO OXYGEN – FERMENTATION!!!!

18. The Purpose of Cellular Respiration
It is to make and break bonds to generate ATP and
electrons.
You end up with ATP, H ions and electrons.
The electrons are sent to the Electron Transport Chain
where they help to make ATP through ATP synthase.
****Hydrogen ions are bonded with oxygen to make
water which is used in photosynthesis.

19. Cellular Respiration Overview
Transformation of chemical energy in food into chemical energy cells can use: ATP
These reactions proceed the same way in plants and animals. Process is called cellular respiration
Overall Reaction:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

20. Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration
C6H12O O2
YIELDS
6CO2 + 6H20 + e ATP’s

21. What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration?
Glycolysis
The Krebs Cycle
The Electron Transport Chain
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22. Fermentation (without oxygen)
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis – Occurs before Cell. Resp.
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Glucose
Krebs cycle
Electron transport
Glycolysis
Fermentation (without oxygen)
Alcohol or lactic acid

23. Overall Reaction C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
Overall this is a three stage process
Glycolysis: before cellular respiration
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Glucose is broken down
Krebs Cycle
Breaks down pyruvate into CO2
Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
Electron Transport Chain
ATP is synthesized - Occurs in mito membrane

24. Electron Transport Chain
Section 9-2
Flowchart
Cellular Respiration
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2) +
Water
(H2O)
ATP
Glucose (C6H1206) +
Oxygen (02)
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

25. Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?
It actually takes place in two parts of the cell:
Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria
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27. Glycolysis
Definition: The process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound.

28. Glycolysis Occurs in ALL eukaryotic cells…
Glyco = glucose Lysis = break down
LOCATION: Occurs in the cytoplasm
This stage occurs in BOTH aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Occurs in ALL eukaryotic cells…

29. Glycolysis- ATP Production
In the pathways beginning, 2 ATP molecules are used up.
At the end of glycolysis, 4 ATP molecules are formed.
NET GAIN- 2 molecules!!!

30. Glycolysis- NADH Production
Process removes 4 high energy e- and passes them to nicotinamide adenine dinuclueotide (NAD+), which is an electron carrier.
NAD+ turns into NADH while transferring electrons to other molecules.

31. Steps of Glycolysis Two ATP molecules are used to energize a
glucose molecule.
2. Glucose is split into 2 3-carbon molecules.
Enzymes rearrange the molecules.
3. Electrons are transferred to NADP. The
carbon molecules are converted to pyruvate
which enters cellular respiration.

32. Glycolysis Location= Cytoplasm NO O2 required
Energy Yield net gain of 2 ATP at the expense of 2 ATP
6-C glucose  TWO 3-C pyruvates
Free e- and H+ combine with organic ion carriers called NAD+  NADH + H+
(nicotinamide dinucleotide)Used in ETC. Hydrogen attached to water.

33. Glycolysis:
Get a sheet of paper to review the
process of glycolysis.
Video: Glycolysis

34. To the electron transport chain
Glycolysis:
Step 1
Figure 9–3 Glycolysis
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron transport chain

35. Glycolysis Reactants and Products
1 glucose
Enzymes are needed
2 ATP are needed to start
Products
2 Pyruvates (go to next step)
4 ATP (2 are gained)
2 NADH (go to ETC)
Really 10 steps with 10 different enzymes
involved.

36. Anaerobic Respiration (without oxygen): Fermentation
***fermentation does not make ATP for the cell, it cycles the ATP for glycolysis***
(does not release energy in cell)
Two Main types:
Lactic Acid fermentation- converts pyruvic acid and NADH to lactic acid and NAD+
-muscle cells
Alcoholic fermentation- converts pyruvic acid and NADH to ethyl alcohol, CO2, NAD+
-yeast (air bubbles in bread)

38. Main Goals of Krebs Cycle
Transfer high energy electrons(NADH and FADH2) to molecules that can carry them to the electron transport chain.
Form some ATP molecules.
Takes place in mitochondria

40. Krebs Cycle- Part A (Citric Acid Production)
From glycolysis, the 3carbon molecule (pyruvic acid/pyruvate) enters the mitochondria (innermost layer- Matrix)
3carbon pyruvic acid is broken down into 2carbon (Acetyl-CoA) molecules.
CO2 and NADH are produced
Hint: anytime the number of carbons are reduced, CO2 and NADH are produced
Acetyl-CoA (2carbon) combines with 4 carbon compounds forming a 6 carbon molecule Citric acid.

42. Krebs Cycle Part B (Energy Extraction)
The 6carbon Citric Acid broken down into 5 carbon compound (releasing CO2 & NADH)
5 carbon compound broken down into 4 carbon compound (releasing CO2 & NADH)
In a series of 4carbon to 4carbon reactions, ATP, CO2, NADH & FADH2 are produced
Remember: NADH & FADH2 are electron carriers that will take the electrons to the ETC

43. Kreb Cycle

44. Krebs Cycle Reactants and Products
2 Acetyl CoA (pyruvic acid)
Remember when you form a bond energy is released!! This is the key!!
Products
2 ATP
8 NADH (go to ETC)
2 FADH2 (go to ETC)
6 CO2 (given off as waste)

46. Krebs Cycle

47. Electron Transport Chain
Where inner membrane of mitochondria called cristea.
Energy Yield Total of 32 ATP
O2 combines with TWO H+ to form H2O
Exhale - CO2, H2O comes from cellular respiration
Video: ETC

48. Electron Transport Chain
Section 9-2
 Electron Transport Chain
Electron Transport
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Channel
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane
Space
ATP synthase
Inner
Membrane
Matrix
ATP Production

49. Electron Transport - Step 3
1. Proteins inside the membrane of the mito. Remove electrons from NADPh and FADH.
Electrons(hydrogen) are transported down the chain of the membrane to be pumped across.
ATP synthase(enzyme) puts a P on ADP to make ATP(END GOAL!!).
Oxygen enters the cycle to pick up electrons and hydrogen ions to make water that leaves the cycle.

50. Electron Transport Chain
Electron carriers loaded with electrons and protons from the Kreb’s cycle move to this chain-like a series of steps (staircase).
As electrons drop down stairs, energy released to form a total of 32 ATP – Final Goal!!
Oxygen waits at bottom of staircase, picks up electrons and protons and in doing so becomes water

52. Energy Tally 36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic
Glycolysis ATP
Kreb’s ATP
Electron Transport 32 ATP
36 ATP
Anaerobic organisms can’t be too energetic but are important for global recycling of carbon

53. Electron Transport Chain
Section 9-2
Flowchart
Cellular Respiration
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2) +
Water
(H2O)
ATP
Glucose (C6H1206) +
Oxygen (02)
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain