1. Disaster Reduction and Development in Developing Country Dr ． Yoshiaki KAWATA Director and Professor Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University

2. Natural Disasters in The World No. of the disasters No. of the dead No. of the damaged people Property damage thousandmillionbillion $/Year

3. Earthquake magnitude No. of the dead 2005 Pakistan earthquake: 75,000 dead

4. Number of disasters 40 to 50% of the world Death toll (Unit: thousand) More than 90% of the world Number of people affected 75 to about 100% of the world Property damage 40 to 85% of the world Natural Disasters In Asia and Comparison with World Totals (bracketed figures)

5. Why Natural Disasters Occur? External force is larger than physical and social resistance force. In developing country, social vulnerability is very large. Catastrophic disasters will frequently occur in developing country. It is necessary to understand the social vulnerability. Damage amplification factors determined the disaster scale.

6. Contents of Vulnerability Physical vulnerability and social vulnerability Physical vulnerability is social infrastructure. Social vulnerability is disaster culture. Disaster reduction is to reduce vulnerability. Vulnerability changes with time and area. Disaster vulnerability depends on environmental vulnerability.

7. Mitigation and Preparedness in Grand Design of Disaster Reduction Disaster Management Cycle (DMC) includes mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery and reconstruction. We have to discuss from view point of self help, mutual help ， public help and international help. –Mutual understanding between developing country and developed country –Effective support of international help Usable resources in DMC and well-combination of technology and social disaster countermeasures Importance of ownership of developing country, evaluation of self help and selective investigation through ODA

9. Four Misunderstandings in Development Support １． Mainly response activities just after disasters ２． Construction of infrastructures is major support. ３． Public help is major, and self help and mutual help are small and exclusive. ４． Weariness and collusion in support Self help and mutual help are basic and public help fills up the advocacy. International help covers them.

10. Basic Solution of Development Support 1.Multi functions of disaster reduction equipped in ODA. Economic benefit must be accompanied, 2. Society includes automatic maintenance system of any kind of countermeasure. Disaster reduction is the most important function in ODA. 3. Projects must be digested in the society. 4. Long period must be needed to get good solution.

11. Not Sustainable Development in Construction of Hard Countermeasures Poor understanding of disaster countermeasure function （ over expectation on modern tool ）， Misunderstanding of construction purpose (construction is purpose) Neglecting of maintenance cost （ deterioration in quality in short term, insensible disaster reduction mind ） Ignorance against maintenance and monitoring Beneficiary exclusively occupies benefit. Without highly sophisticated systems established in developed country, it is impossible to maintain any kind of modern facilities in developing country.

12. Non Structural Countermeasures Countermeasures for long term maintenance of structures Countermeasures for disaster awareness of residents Gathering and communication of weather/climate information, understanding of disaster prone area Countermeasures for mitigation such as evacuation recommendation and hazard map Countermeasures for preparedness such as relief activities and donation

13. Why Disaster Reduction Works Delay (1) Poor ability of social leader for politics, economics and decision making ｰｰｰ he/she can not believe that social security in living level has top priority in government responsibility, ODA from experience Responsible person in charge of disasters has over/unfair evaluation for scientific and engineering technology Disaster reduction is forgotten, and remains unsolved under rapid changes of society

14. Why Disaster Reduction Works Delay (2) Political leaders can not believe that destruction due to war enlarges disaster vulnerability Society is immature and many feudal systems in developing country Simple apply of cost benefit analysis for developing country No disaster reduction strategy or misunderstanding of strategy goal setting

15. International Support for Capacity Building Approach –Expectation of development effect through support –Action of development support for disaster reduction Logic of support intervention –Purposes are poverty dissolution, social development and environmental maintenance Support Intervention for empowerment of capacity building Project for empowerment of capacity building Factors of disaster vulnerability in developing country

16. Shift from Possible Support to Must Support Poor expectation of infrastructure without any support of social elements Structure mitigation may disturb traditional potential of disaster reduction in the community. Sustainable promotion of adoptable methods in developing country JICA and other organization have promote exhibition of overcome mechanism against disasters in the community –Promotion of organization, capacity building of organization and leaders, improvement of livelihood