1. Eight Parts of Speech

2. Nouns
Singular Noun
A word that names one person, place, thing, or idea
Example-brother, classroom

3. Nouns Plural Noun Names more than one person, place, thing, or idea
Example-brothers, classrooms

4. Collective Nouns
Names a group. When the collective noun refers to a group as a whole, it is singular.
When it refers to individual group members, the collective noun is plural.
Example-
The class meets two times a week. (singular)
The board of trustees come from all walks of life. (plural)

5. Common vs. Proper
Common nouns name a general class of people, places, things, or ideas.
Example: soldier, country
*Proper nouns specifies a particular person, place, thing, event, or idea. Proper nouns are always capitalized.
Example: America, July

6. Concrete vs. Abstract
Concrete nouns name an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any of the senses.
Example: desk, chair
*Abstract Nouns name an idea, a quality, or a characteristic
Example: courage, sanity, power, and memory

7. Possessive Nouns
A possessive noun shows possession, ownership, or the relationship between two nouns:
Example: Kate’s house, the cat’s fur, and the girl’s soccer ball.
Notice-who has possession in each of the examples?

8. What do nouns do in our language?
It is crucial that you know the 8 basic parts of speech before you engage in any type of writing.
Why is this important?
By learning the grammar of the language-its structure-the way it fits together –you will begin to see the words, phrases, and clauses you normally use and those you tend to avoid.

9. The grammatical subject
Every complete sentence has a word (or group of words) that serves as the grammatical subject of the sentence.
The grammatical subject is always a noun or group of words acting as a noun.
Though, the subject may also be a pronoun, which takes the place of a noun.

10. Pop Practice-Identify the nouns
Oh say can you see by the dawn’s early light What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight, O’er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming? And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. Oh say does that star-spangled banner yet wave O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

11. Answers Oh say can you see by the dawn’s early light
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming?
Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight,
O’er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming?
And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.
Oh say does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

12. Dawn’s, twilight’s, and rockets’
Remember the definition of a noun?
It’s a word characterized by plurals and possessive endings. Three words in our national anthem appear in the possessive-
Dawn’s, twilight’s and rockets’
*the ‘s and s’ should have tipped you off that these words are nouns

13. gleaming
You may not have gotten this one because gleaming looks like a verb, though if you look closely at the example-
at the twilight’s last gleaming
The possessive noun twilight’s is in possession of what? In this case, twilight is possessing gleaming.

14. Star
The word star is a bit tricky as well. The word is very much a noun. In this sentence it is joining forces with spangled to serve as an adjective.

15. Pronouns
A word that takes the place of a noun; a group of words acting as a noun, or another pronoun. (I, me, my, mine, our, ours, your, yours we, us, you, he, him, she, her, it, its, they, them, theirs)
The group of words the pronoun refers to is called its antecedent.

16. Pronoun Examples
Though Georgia O’Keefe was born in Wisconsin, she grew to love the landscape of the American Southwest. What is the pronoun that takes the place of the pronoun antecedent ( a group of words to which the pronoun refers) Answer:_______

17. Pronoun Practice
After getting a D on his paper, Yuri began to study harder than he had before.
My tooth hurt, so I went to the dentist.
I saw you at the mall last night, but I am pretty sure you didn’t see me.

18. Answers
his, he
My, I
I, you, me

19. Verbs in the English Language
Breakdown of the four major verb types
-action transitive verbs
-action intransitive verbs
-the verb to be
-linking verbs
The 5th major category of the verb:
5) Helping verbs

20. Verbs!!!
Action verbs tell what someone or something does. Physical action versus Mental Action -waved -hoped -sit -feared

21. Transitive Verbs
Transitive verbs are followed by a direct object- (a word that answers the question what? or whom?) Look at the example-the sentence tells you what the batter swung… Example-The batter swung the bat confidently. Action Verb? Direct object?

22. Intransitive Verbs
NOT followed by a direct object. Example: The batter swung wildly. In the example, it does not say what the batter swung. Therefore, the verb is intransitive.

23. Practice! Practice! Practice!
Write each verb-either transitive (what? whom? OR intransitive (not followed by a direct object) 1. Thomas Morris once skipped rope from Melbourne to Adelaide, Australia.

24. Practice! Practice! Practice!
My sister Elena and I stayed at the school until for o’clock for practice.
Then we ran most of the way home.
The big yellow cat watched her, a gleam of mischief in his dark gold eyes.

25. A New Kind of Verb
Linking Verbs-Links or joins the subject of a sentence (often a noun or pronoun) with a noun, pronoun, or an adjective that identifies or describes the subject. **A linking verb does not show action***

26. Linking Verbs Am, is, are, was, were-are the most commonly used.
Examples-
The person behind the mask was you.
The players are ready.
Soccer is an outdoor sport.
They were sports fans.

27. Other forms may include…
Look, stay, taste, remain, grow, smell, seem, appear, feel, become, sound, turn
Examples-
This salad tastes good.
The sun feels warm on my shoulders.
You look comfortable.
The leaves turned brown.

28. Combo. Practice
If we start out a sentence with that good old noun John and follow it with the verb is, we get… John is… In the English language we will usually follow the expression with an adjective or a noun John is big. (The adjective big modifies the noun John)

29. Also…
We might use the expression with a noun. John is my friend. The noun friend, which follows the complement; its also called the predicate noun.

30. A little bit more on verbs…
Helping verbs help us do the following-
Express permission (You may go to the movies)
Express one’s ability to do something
(She can play gold extremely well.)

31. A little bit more on verbs…
Lastly, helping verbs enable us to ask questions. Do you think he cares. Will he win the race? Remember: 4 major verbs include— -action transitive verbs -action intransitive verbs -the verb to be -linking verbs

32. Verb Tenses
Verb tenses to be honest can be tricky. Here is why…some people confuse the past tense with present and confuse the correct tense all together. When you hear someone say..I seen it! Correction, they should say, I saw it.

33. Some tricky verb tenses
Verb Past Tense Past Participle Arise arose arisen Begin began begun Break broke broken Go went gone Lay (to place) laid laid Lie (to recline) lay lain

34. Adjectives- Describes or modifies nouns or pronouns
Example: He is a fast runner
Here you have fast as an adjective describing the noun runner.
Proper adjectives- formed from a proper noun
American flag-formed from the proper noun America.

35. Other parts of speech to look forward to…
Adverbs
Conjunctions
Prepositions
interjections