1. Surveillance Plan for Bison Yellowstone National Park

2. Need for Surveillance   Effects and Effectiveness of Management Actions   Vaccination   Free-ranging bison in Yellowstone   Remote delivery decision in 2010   Government Accountability Office   Define measurable objectives   Apply adaptive management

3. Purpose of Surveillance Implement long-term research and monitoring for Yellowstone bison and brucellosis Obtain information to:   Evaluate the effects and effectiveness of vaccination and other management actions   Guide decision making   Effectively adapt the IBMP

4. Management Principles Adaptive Management Principles   Goals of the IBMP   Reduce the risk of transmission to cattle   Conserve a free-ranging bison herd Measurable Objectives   Management and research objectives   Define scientific and management questions Surveillance Activities   13 specific activities to answer questions   >1 sampling objectives for each activity

5. Management Principles Adaptive Management Principles Incorporate findings into the decision- making process Inform stakeholders Adjust the IBMP based on assessments Decision – remote delivery vaccination

6. Surveillance Activities 3 Primary Themes   Conservation – preserve a wild bison population   Risk Management – prevent brucellosis transmission from bison to cattle   Brucellosis Suppression – reduce disease prevalence

7. Conservation 1. 1. Estimate the abundance, demographic rates, and limiting factors for bison.   Overall population and 2 subpopulations   Abundance   Age, pregnancy, recruitment, survival   Social structure – group sizes, matrilineal   Foraging – landscape heterogeneity   Mate competition and sex ratios   Role and function – ecosystem effects (e.g., primary production, competition, prey for carnivores and scavengers)

8. Conservation 1. 1. Estimate the abundance, demographic rates, and limiting factors for bison. 2. 2. Describe migratory and nomadic movements by bison in and out of park.   Distribution, migration, and dispersal   Effects of density, environmental conditions, and management actions

9. Conservation 1. 1. Estimate the abundance, demographic rates, and limiting factors for bison. 2. 2. Describe migratory and nomadic movements by bison in and out of park. 3. 3. Estimate genetic diversity and probabilities of conservation   Overall population and 2 subpopulations   Interchange rates between subpopulations   Long-term conservation of bison genome

10. Risk Management 4. 4. Estimate risks of transmission within and between species and areas.   Risk assessment model – bison, elk, cattle   Transmission pathways through the greater Yellowstone area

11. Risk Management 4. Estimate risks of transmission within and between species and areas. 5. 5. Estimate seroprevalence rates, culture rates, and cross-reactive agents.   % seropositive and seronegative bison that are culture positive   % seropositive bison that express cross- reactive antibodies (e.g., Yersinia)

12. Risk Management 4. Estimate risks of transmission within and between species and areas. 5. Estimate seroprevalence rates, culture rates, and cross-reactive agents. 6. 6. Determine rates of recrudescence.   Rate at which latent carriers of Brucella relapse to infectious state and shed bacteria

13. Risk Management 4. Estimate risks of transmission within and between species and areas. 5. Estimate seroprevalence rates, culture rates, and cross-reactive agents. 6. Determine rates of recrudescence. 7. 7. Determine factors influencing the vulnerability of bison to infection and transmission.   Pregnancy, stress, nutritional condition   Identify the best time to vaccinate

14. Risk Management 5. Estimate seroprevalence rates, culture rates, and cross-reactive agents. 6. Determine rates of recrudescence. 7. Determine factors influencing the vulnerability of bison to infection and transmission. 8. 8. Estimate the timing and % of removals.   Subpopulations   Sex and age classes   % of calf-cow pairs

15. Risk Management 6. Determine rates of recrudescence. 7. Determine factors influencing the vulnerability of bison to infection and transmission. 8. Estimate the timing and % of removals. 9. 9. Document bison use of zones outside the park and commingling with cattle.   North and west boundaries of park   During likely abortion period (Feb.-April)

16. Risk Management 7. Determine factors influencing the vulnerability of bison to infection and transmission. 8. Estimate the timing and % of removals. 9. Document bison use of zones outside the park and commingling with cattle. 10. 10. Estimate the effects of hazing or holding bison at capture pens.   Influence on subsequent movements   Possible habituation to feeding   Exposure to abortion events?

17. Disease Suppression 11. 11. Determine the strength and duration of the immune response following syringe vaccination with SRB51.   Cell-mediated immune response compared to non-vaccinated bison   Vaccine’s ability to provide protection against Brucella infection   Effects of age and condition   Booster vaccination necessary?

18. Disease Suppression 11. Determine the strength and duration of the immune response following syringe vaccination. 12. 12. Determine the strength and duration of the immune response following remote delivery vaccination.   Bio-bullet with hydrogel encapsulation of SRB51   Cell-mediated immune response compared to syringe-vaccinated bison

19. Disease Suppression 13. 13. Document trends in prevalence and the effects of vaccination, other risk management actions, and ecological conditions on these trends.   Effectiveness of intensive vaccination in combination with other actions   Decrease seroprevalence   Increase % of vaccinated bison   Decrease incident rate (seronegative to seropositive)

20. Managing Brucellosis Risk Prevent Transmission to Cattle Separation: bison/cattle Cattle management State and treaty hunts Management removals Research: disease dynamics & transmission Brucellosis Suppression Reduce Disease Prevalence Vaccination (syringe, remote) Direct slaughter of exposed Disease surveillance Contraception - seropositives? Research: vaccination/immune response Conservation Preserve a Functional, Free-Ranging Bison Population Behavior Mating Social Foraging Movements Role and Function Landscape Nutrient redistribution Competition / prey Habitat creation Carcasses - scavenge Genetic Diversity Population substructure Gene flow / mutations Reduce exploitative selection Create satellite herds (quarantine) Demography Population size Age/sex ratios Vital rates Limiting factors Removals match natural selection Desired Condition 2500 to 5000 bison Increased tolerance for bison outside YNP Conservation & Disease Management for Yellowstone Bison

21. Bison won’t always do what we expect or want. Also, many aspects of the proposed disease suppression program are uncertain. Thus, we need to learn and adapt.