1. AP ENG III
Vocabulary

2. Ad Hominem (Personal Attack) VOCABULARY WORD MAP
Definition / Denotation Use in a sentence of your own.
An attack on the person ____________________________
rather than the issues at ____________________________
hand (a common logical fallacy) ____________________________
Ad Hominem
(Personal Attack)
Example
Bill: "I believe that abortion is morally wrong." Dave: "Of course you would saythat, you're a priest." Bill: "What about the arguments Igave to support my position?" Dave: "Those don't count. Like I said, you're a priest, so you
have to say that abortion iswrong. Further, you are just a
lackey to the Pope, so I can'tbelieve what you say."
Note:
A logical fallacy is an error in reasoning.

3. Vocabulary Word Map Epistrophe Example:
Definition/Denotation: Use the word in a sentence of your own:
a minor device, this the ending of _____________________________________
a series of lines, phrases, clauses, _____________________________________
or sentences with the same word _____________________________________
or words.
Epistrophe
Example:
"Don't you ever talk about my friends! You don't know any of
my friends. You don't look at any of my friends. And you certainly
wouldn't condescend to speak to any of my friends." (Judd Nelson as John Bender in The Breakfast Club, 1865)

4. Vocabulary Word Map Euphemism Example:
Definition/Denotation:
1. To use a safer or nicer word for something others find inappropriate or unappealing
2. Substitution of an expression that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the receiver
with an agreeable or less offensive expression or to make it less troublesome for the speaker
Euphemism
Example:
"To pass away" is a euphemism for "to die."
Often people say “Excuse me” or “May I be excused” instead of “I need to go to the bathroom.”
One might refer to pornography as “adult entertainment.”

5. Vocabulary Word Map Juxtaposition Example:
Definition/Denotation:
making one or more idea more dramatic by placing it next to its opposite
The word juxtaposition means literally “to place side by side.”
In a literary sense has the same idea but it is the act of positioning to close together words, phrases, or ideas in order to compare or contrast. The purpose of this literary device is to accentuate the relationship between the two ideas and to create an insightful meaning.
Juxtaposition
Example:
Henry David Thoreau used an example of juxtaposition when he said,
“Wealth and poverty, guilt and grief, orange and apple, God and Satan; let us settle ourselves and work and wedge our feet downward through the mud and the slush of opinion, and prejudice, and tradition, and delusion, and appearance..”
This example shows juxtaposition because Henry David Thoreau used opposing ideas to illustrate equality and that we all experience the same feelings and emotions.

6. Vocabulary Word Map non sequitur Example:
Definition/Denotation:
A logical fallacy, or error in reasoning, in which the argument being made
is misdirected from the original issue and is therefore logically irrelevant
1. An inference or conclusion that does not follow from the premises or evidence.
2. A statement that does not follow logically from what preceded it.
Non Sequitur literally means “it does not follow.”
non sequitur
Example:
Arguing at length that your religion is of great help to many people. Then, concluding that the teachings of your religion are undoubtedly true.
"Bill lives in a large building, so his apartment must be large."
Steven Johnson grew up in poverty. Therefore, he will make a fine President of the United States.

7. Definition/Denotation:
Vocabulary Word Map
Definition/Denotation:
a sentence with several dependent clauses that precede the independent clause
The periodic sentence emphasizes its important point by putting first all subordinate clauses and other modifiers to its main idea.[2]The sentence unfolds gradually, so that the thought contained in the subject/verb group becomes available only at the sentence's end.[3] Obviously artificial, it is used mostly in what in oratory is called the grand style.[4]
The periodic sentence is used "to arouse interest and curiosity, to hold an idea in suspense before its final revelation. In the words, "the effect...is to keep the mind in a state of uniform or increasing tension until the dénouement."
Periodic Sentence
Example:
A "now-famous periodic sentence" occurs in Nikolai Gogols short story "The Overcoat":
Even at those hours when the gray Petersburg sky is completely overcast and the whole population of clerks have dined and eaten their fill, each as best he can, according to the salary he receives and his personal tastes; when they are all resting after the scratching of pens and bustle of the office, their own necessary work and other people's, and all the tasks that an overzealous man voluntarily sets himself even beyond what is necessary; when the clerks are hastening to devote what is left of their time to pleasure; some more enterprising are flying to the theater, others to the street to spend their leisure staring at women's hats, some to spend the evening paying compliments to some attractive girl, the star of a little official circle, while some—and this is the most frequent of all—go simply to a fellow clerk's apartment on the third or fourth story, two little rooms with a hall or a kitchen, with some pretensions to style, with a lamp or some such article that has cost many sacrifices of dinners and excursions—at the time when all the clerks are scattered about the apartments of their friends, playing a stormy game of whist, sipping tea out of glasses, eating cheap biscuits, sucking in smoke from long pipes, telling, as the cards are dealt, some scandal that has floated down from higher circles, a pleasure which the Russian do never by any possibility deny himself, or, when there is nothing better to talk about, repeating the everlasting anecdote of the commanding officer who was told that the tail had been cut off the horse on the Falconet monument—in short, even when everyone, was eagerly seeking entertainment, Akaky Akakievich did not indulge in any amusement.

8. Vocabulary Word Map Periodic Sentence .
Definition/Denotation:
a sentence with several dependent clauses that precede the independent clause
The periodic sentence emphasizes its important point by putting first all subordinate clauses and other modifiers to its main idea.[2]The sentence unfolds gradually, so that the thought contained in the subject/verb group becomes available only at the sentence's end.[3] Obviously artificial, it is used mostly in what in oratory is called the grand style.[4]
The periodic sentence is used "to arouse interest and curiosity, to hold an idea in suspense before its final revelation. In the words, "the effect...is to keep the mind in a state of uniform or increasing tension until the dénouement."
Periodic Sentence
Example:
THE PERIODIC SENTENCE:
In this sentence, additional details are placed before the basic statement.
Delay, of course, is the secret weapon of the periodic sentence.
Basic statement: John gave his mother flowers.
Periodic sentence: John, the tough one, the sullen kid who scoffed at any show of sentiment, gave his mother flowers.
Basic statement: The cat scratched Sally.
Periodic sentence: Suddenly, for no apparent reason, the lovable cat scratched Sally. .

9. Definition/Denotation:
Vocabulary Word Map
Definition/Denotation:
A complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause follows.
Loose sentences are the most natural for English speakers, who almost always talk in loose sentences: even the most sophisticated English writers tend to use loose sentences much more often than periodic sentences.
It is important to remember that you have to structure a loose sentence as carefully as you would structure a periodic sentence: it is very easy to lose control of a loose sentence so that by the end the reader has forgotten what your main point was.
Loose Sentence
Example:
I am willing to pay slightly higher taxes for the privilege of living in Canada, considering the free health care, the cheap tuition fees, the low crime rate, the comprehensive social programs, and the wonderful winters.

10. Grammatical arrangement of words. Syntax/ Sentence Variety
Vocabulary Word Map
Definition/Denotation:
Grammatical arrangement of words.
Syntax/ Sentence Variety
Why You Need It:
Writers who use only simple sentences are like truck drivers who do not know how to shift out of first gear: they would be able to drive a load from Montréal to Calgary (eventually), but they would have a great deal of trouble getting there.
Just as a good driver uses different gears, a good writer uses different types of sentences in different situations:
a long complex sentence will show what information depends on what other information;
a compound sentence will emphasize balance and parallelism;
a short simple sentence will grab a reader's attention;
a loose sentence will tell the reader in advance how to interpret your information;
a periodic sentence will leave the reader in suspense until the very end;
a declarative sentence will avoid any special emotional impact;
an exclamatory sentence, used sparingly, will jolt the reader;
an interrogative sentence will force the reader to think about what you are writing; and
an imperative sentence will make it clear that you want the reader to act right away.

11. Vocabulary Word Map Diction Example:
Definition/Denotation:
Word choice, particularly as an element of style;
Choice of words in speech or writing
Diction
"Your diction, the exact words you choose and the settings in which you use them, means a great deal to the success of your writing. While your language should be appropriate to the situation, that generally still leaves plenty of room for variety. Skillful writers mix general and particular, abstract and concrete, long and short, learned and commonplace, connotative and neutral words to administer a series of small but telling surprises. Readers stay interested because they don't know exactly what's coming next." (Joe Glaser, Understanding Style: Practical Ways to Improve Your Writing. Oxford Univ. Press, 1999)
Example:
"Words strain, Crack and sometimes break, under the burden, Under the tension, slip, slide, perish, Decay with imprecision, will not stay in place, Will not stay still." (T.S. Eliot, "Burnt Norton")

12. The art of speaking and writing effectively
Vocabulary Word Map
Definition/Denotation:
The art of speaking and writing effectively
Rhetoric
"'Rhetoric' refers but to 'the use of language in such a way as to produce a desired impression upon the hearer or reader.'" (Kenneth Burke, Counter-Statement, 1952)1999)
Example:
Rhetoric involves everything a writer or speaker does to make the message meaningful and effective – syntax, diction, connotation, use of literary devices, organization, etc.