1. Physical science jones
Chapter 2: Matter
Physical science
jones

2. Good Morning! Please find a partner and a book to share.
Get out one sheet of paper and something to write with.
Open to page 38.

3. Get To Know Your Vocab! On a sheet of paper, draw 6 of these:
Characteristics
Definition
Vocabulary Word
Non-examples
Examples

4. Get To Know Your Vocab!
For each of the diagrams, write the vocab word and its definition. We will discuss characteristics, examples, and non-examples.
Atom
Molecule
Element
Compound
Pure Substance
Mixture

5. Atom Characteristics: Examples: Non-examples:
All atoms of an element are identical in properties
Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Atoms of different elements can combine to make compounds
Atoms cannot be broken down any further
Examples:
An atom of hydrogen
An atom of oxygen
An atom gold
Non-examples:
A molecule of water
A molecule of air
A molecule of salt

6. Molecule Characteristics Examples: Non-examples:
All molecules of a compound are identical in properties
Molecules are composed of atoms of 2 or more elements
Molecules can be broken down into individual atoms of elements
Examples:
A molecule of sugar
A molecule of carbon dioxide
A molecule of water
Non-examples:
An atom of sodium
An atom of silver
An atom of helium

7. Element Characteristics: Examples: Non-examples:
All elements can be found on the periodic table
Each element is composed of identical atoms
Elements can combine to produce compounds
Each element is classified as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid
Examples:
Sodium
Potassium
Chlorine
Non-examples:
Water
Salt
Air

8. Compound Characteristics: Examples: Non-examples
All compounds are composed of 2 or more elements
Compounds consist of identical molecules
Compounds can have different properties than the elements they are made of
Examples:
Salt (sodium chloride)
Water (H2O)
Glucose
Non-examples
Carbon
Steel
Italian dressing

9. Pure Substance Characteristics: Examples: Non-examples:
The composition of pure substances will never change
The properties of pure substances will never change
Pure substances can be mixed to produce mixtures
Pure substances cannot be separated physically
Examples:
Any element
Any compound
Non-examples:
Salt water
Sweet tea
Steel
Italian dressing

10. Mixture Characteristics: Examples: Non-examples:
Mixtures have various amounts of their components
Mixtures are produced by mixing pure substances together
Mixtures can be separated physically
Examples:
Grape juice
Air
Chicken noodle soup
Non-examples:
Any element
Any compound

11. What is matter? Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space
Examples: your desk, air
Non-examples: sound, light
All matter is composed of atoms and molecules

12. Element Symbols and Chemical Formulas
Represent elements
Are found on the periodic table
ONE capital letter, and sometimes one lowercase letter Na O Fe
Chemical formulas
Represent compounds
Two or more element symbols put together
AT LEAST TWO capital letters, and sometimes small numbers called subscripts
H2O
NaCl
C6H12O6

13. Chemical Formulas
The subscripts represent how many atoms of that element are in the compound
How many atoms of each element are there in C6H12O6?

14. Chemical Formulas
The subscripts represent how many atoms of that element are in the compound
How many atoms of each element are there in C6H12O6?
6 Carbon atoms
12 Hydrogen atoms
6 Oxygen atoms

15. Chemical Formulas
How many atoms of each element are in (NH4)2SO4?

16. Chemical Formulas How many atoms of each element are in (NH4)2SO4?
2 Nitrogen atoms
8 Hydrogen atoms
1 Sulfur atom
4 Oxygen atoms

17. Mixtures Can be divided into two groups:
Heterogeneous – substances aren’t evenly mixed
Flour + water mix to form a cloudy white mixture
Oil + water may mix temporarily but will eventually settle out
Homogeneous – components of the mixture are evenly distributed
Gasoline
Sugar-water mixture

18. Mixtures
Can you think of any examples where a gas is mixed in a liquid?

19. Mixtures
Can you think of any examples where a gas is mixed in a liquid?
Soda
Gas is not dissolved in the liquid, but is mixed in
As the gas bubbles rise to the surface of the soda, they can escape into the atomsphere
Once all the bubbles from the mixture have escaped, you have flat soda!
Meringue (for use in pie)
Egg whites are whipped with enough air to produce foam
The foam is baked in the oven to solidify, to produce meringue

20. Properties of Elements and Compounds
Properties that describe a certain substance are either physical or chemical
Physical properties are characteristics that describe the appearance of that substance
Color
Shape
Melting point/boiling point
Chemical properties are characteristics that relate a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances
Ability to burn
Ability to rot or decompose

21. Physical Properties Describe matter Shape Color Odor Texture
State of matter (solid, liquid, or gas)

22. Physical Properties Can be constant for certain substances
Melting point
Boiling point
Freezing point
Density
How much matter is contained in a certain volume of substance
Density = mass/volume
Unit: g/cm3 or g/mL
Unit for mass: grams, Unit for volume: cm3 or mL

23. Chemical Properties Describe how a substance reacts Reactivity
Ability to react with oxygen, acid, water, etc.
Flammability
Ability to burn
Other examples
Ability to rot
Ability to rust

24. Changes in Elements and Compounds
A change in a substance can either be described as physical or chemical.
A physical change does not change the composition of that substance.
Melting/boiling
Change of state (solid  liquid  gas)
Breaking/tearing
A chemical change occurs when one or more substances are converted into different substances
Burning
Rusting
Rotting

25. Physical Changes Do not change a substance’s identity Examples:
Dissolving
Cutting
Sanding
Crushing
Breaking
Tearing
Changing state of matter (solid  liquid  gas)

26. Chemical Changes
Occurs when one or more substance changes into entirely new substances with different properties
Examples:
Baking a cake!
Iron rusting
Milk souring
Signs of a chemical change:
Color change
Production of gas
Production of precipitate
Production of energy in the form of heat or light

27. Separating Mixtures Mixtures can be separated physically Straining
Centrifugation
Distillation

28. When are reactions reversible?
Some physical changes are reversible, some are not
Dissolving a substance, then using distillation techniques to separate the components
Some chemical changes are reversible, some are not
You cannot “unbake” a cake
When water is formed, it can be split back into oxygen and hydrogen
A double arrow represents a reversible reaction
A + B  C + D