1. Greece and Rome
GPS Unit 1
2000 B. C. –A.D. 700
SSWH3

2. I. Government in Greece Political Units: Political Structures
Polis: city-state of ancient Greece; fundamental political unit
Acropolis: fortified hilltop where citizens gather and discuss city government
Political Structures
Monarchy: rule by a single person
Aristocracy: gov’t ruled by a small group of families
Oligarchy: gov’t ruled by a few powerful people
Tyrants: leaders for the interest of ordinary people

3. II. Athens and Sparta Athens: Attica Peninsula
Democracy: rule by the people
Wealthy boys only ones educated

5. Athens and Sparta (cont’d)
Southern Greece/Gulf of Corinth
Helots
Military state
Boys and Girls trained

6. Athens and Sparta Athens was larger
Education for wealthy boys only- liberal arts
Society was based on trade and open to outsiders
Many of the Greek artistic and intellectual achievements came out of Athens
Women were subordinate and kept out of public
Sparta was small with a huge slave population called helots
All boys and girls educated- women considered equals
Military education
Farming economy
Closed society- very paranoid- did not like outsiders
No wall around city

7. Athens and Sparta (cont’d)
Persian Wars
Greece vs. Persia at Ionia; coast of Anatolia
10,000 Greeks (Athenians) vs. 25,000 Persians
Athenians arranged in Phalanx: ea. Soldier stood side by side with spear and shield
Athenians win
Pheidippides runs from Marathon to Athens

9. Second War: Land and Sea Invasions by Xerxes
To revenge his father’s shame, Xerxes in 480 BCE launched a massive land and sea invasion of Greece.(250,000 soldiers)
Fought three major engagements- Thermopylae (Stand of the 300 Spartans), Salamis (naval battle near Athens), and Platae (Sparta’s revenge).
Invasion failed and Xerxes lost most of his army.

10. Battle of Thermopylae. Modern memorial to Leonidas and the 300.

11. Legacy of Persian Wars
Greece now considered a Mediterranean power. Athens and Sparta become the dominant city states.
Athens enters a “Golden Age” of intellectual and artistic achievements.
Jealously over Athenian dominance of Delian League led to 25 years of civil warfare in Greece. Athens vs. Sparta (Peloponnesian Wars)
Leaves Greece open to foreign invasion- Macedonia under King Philip invades and unites Greek city-states under one king.

12. III. Greek Art
Golden Age: growth of intellectual and artistic learning
Direct Democracy: citizens rule directly (not through representatives)
Parthenon
Classical Art: portrays ideal beauty; serenity, gracefulness

16. Greek Art (cont’d) Myths: traditional stories about Greek gods Drama:
Tragedy: serious drama with a tragic flaw
Comedy: humorous
Homer: greatest storyteller of Greece
The Iliad
The Odyssey
Myths: traditional stories about Greek gods

17. IV. Philosophers
Philosophers: “lovers of wisdom” ; determined to seek truth wherever they were led

18. Philosophers (cont’d)
Socrates
believed absolute standards did exist for truth and justice
“The unexamined life is not worth living”
Brought to trial for “corrupting the youth of Athens”
Socratic Method
Ideas were innate
Mind continued to exist after death

19. Philosophers (cont’d)
Plato
Student of Socrates
The Republic
Ideas innate

20. Philosophers (cont’d)
Aristotle
Applied method of problem solving to psychology, physics, and biology
(scientific method)
Mind and body separate
Ideas result of experience

21. V. Alexander the Great Peloponnesian War weakened Greek city-states
Philip II becomes king
Killed at wedding
Alexander becomes king (20 yrs old)
Student of Aristotle
Expands the empire: Persia, Egypt (Alexandria), Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, Arabia
Dies of Malaria (32 yrs old)

22. Alexander (cont’d) Alexander the Great’s Legacy
3 different Greeks gain control of the Empire
Antigonous of Macedonia
Ptolemy seizes Egypt
Seleucus took Old Persian Empire
Adopts Persian customs
Hellenistic culture emerges

24. VI. The Olympic Games and Hellenistic Culture
Ancient Olympics
Honored Zeus
In Olympia
Chariot races, boxing, javelin,
discus , etc.
Statues of cheaters

25. Olympics cont’d
Modern Olympics
In Athens
1896
Many more
sports

26. Hellenistic Culture (cont’d)
Greek (Hellenic) blended with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences
Scholars
Provided most scientific knowledge
Euclid: mathematician (geometry)
Archimedes: pi, lever, screw, and pulley
Art
Colossus of Rhodes
sculpture

27. I. Origins of Rome Founded in 753 by Romulus and Remus (legend)
Tiber River near Italian Peninsula; midpoint of the Med. Sea
Rolling hills
Fertile soil
3 Groups inhabited the region ( BC)
Latins
Greeks (these 3 were 1st settlers)
Etruscans

29. Rome (cont)
b/w 750 and 600 BC the Greeks est. colonies; brought all of Italy into closer contact with the Greek civ.
Etruscans strongly influenced Roman civ.
Writing and architecture (esp. arch)

30. II. Roman Government Republic: citizens vote for leaders
Patricians: wealthy landowners
Plebeians: common farmers, artisans, and merchants (majority)
Barred by law from holding imp. Govt. positions
Eventually form tribunes: protected the rights of the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician officials
Created Twelve Tables: written law code (protected from patrician officials interpretations)

31. Roman Gov’t (cont’d) Parts of Roman Republic:
Consuls: commanded army; directed government (similar to President of U.S.)
Senate: legislative assembly
Dictator: ruled in time of crisis (6 months)
Legions: large military units

32. III. Rome Spreads its Power
Punic Wars
Rome vs. Carthage (North Africa)
3 separate wars
1st: ( BCE)
Carthage captured part of Sicily; Rome came to help out.
Also for glory and plunder
Fought mostly at sea
for some years Carthage was the most successful, notedly under the leadership of Hamilcar, but with the battle at the Aegates Islands in 241, the Carthagians were beaten so painfully that they requested peace. This agreement involved leaving Sicily and paying a huge indemnity. Rome now controlled Sicily.

34. 2nd: ( BCE)
It was the Carthagians bitterness over both the agreement from the first war, and the Roman expansion following the next years (Corsica and Sardinia was taken from Carthage in 237), that brought it on.
Hannibal: Carthage general; mastermind of war
Won several early battles but no decisive ones
The Romans used a tactic of delaying, and they had strong hold on the communications over both land and sea. This would eventually result in declining morals in Hannibals troops
In 204 the Roman sunder the leadership of Scipio invaded Ifriqiya (today's Tunisia), and despite strong resistance, a peace was almost arranged in 203, when Hannibal returned. Hannibal was beaten in Zama (near today's Maktar, Tunisia) in 202. Peace was signed in 201. All claims on Spain were given up, and the Punic fleet was reduced to ten ships.

35. 3rd: ( BCE)
The third war was entirely provoked by the Romans. After the second defeat, Carthage managed once again to return to much of its former glory, the economy prospered, and the fleet increased. But the memory of the former Punic wars was strong in Rome; many hated the Carthaginians especially because there seemed to be nothing that could force them on their knees. Many Romans wanted to gain glory, and no enemy was more attractive than Carthage, even if the city state now longer aspired to become an empire.
Masinissa deliberately provoked Carthage, and in 149 Carthage attacked him. Rome came to aid for their ally, through declaring war on Carthage. At first a peace was agreed upon, but then Rome increased their demands, decreeing a total abandonment of the city. Facing these claims, the Carthaginians returned to fighting, and soon Carthage fell under what would become a 3 year long siege. When the Romans finally breached the walls, Scipio Aemilianus took the city by storm. One week of fighting inside the city followed, then the city was burned, and the locals were either executed or sold into slavery.

36. IV. The Roman Empire
Empire emerges after Punic Wars; republic becomes unstable
Economic Turmoil
Rich live on big estates (with lots of slaves)
Small farmers had difficulty competing
Civil War: Tribunes tried for reforms but made enemies with senators
Generals start to gain power (recruiting soldiers turned farmers—promising them land) and take over by force

37. Roman Empire (cont’d) Julius Caesar gains control
60 BCE Caesar joined with Crassus and
Pompey; ruled as a triumvirate (group of three)
for 10 yrs.
Elected consul (ruled for 1 yr)
Excellent military leader
Appointed himself governor of Gaul (France)—becomes very popular
50 BCE he defies senate; they ordered him to disband his legions and return home.
49 BCE Crossed Rubicon River conquers Greece, Asia, Spain, Egypt
46 BCE returned to Rome, had support of army and masses and was appointed Dictator
44 BCE appointed dictator for life

38. The Roman Empire (cont’d)
Governed as an absolute ruler
Reforms: Roman citizenship to people in the provinces; expanded the senate; built new public buildings that created new jobs for the poor
Some senators feared losing their influence; some considered him a tyrant
Caesar is killed by senators
March 15, 44 BCE

39. The Roman Empire (cont’d)
Beginning of the Empire
More civil war; Roman Republic destroyed
Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus
Ruled for 10 yrs
Jealousy and violence
Lepidus retires, Octavian and Mark Antony rivals
3. Octavian rules; becomes Augustus Caesar
Pax Romana (207 years)
After Augustus’ death, empire remained stable

40. V. Society and Culture Agriculture Slaves and Captivity
Most important industry
90% involved in farming
Complex roads linked the empire
Slaves and Captivity
Used slaves more than any other civilization
Conquered peoples brought back to Rome
Worked both city and farm
Some forced to be gladiators
Occasional rebellions (none successful)

41. Society and Culture (cont’d)
Gods and Goddesses
Early Romans worshiped powerful, divine spirits
Government and religion linked; private and public rituals expected; worship of emperor was important as well
Majority of people were poor
Government supported people
Gladiator games
Colosseum one of greatest structure ever built; held 50,000 people

43. Society and Culture (cont’d)
Roman Art
Greco-Roman: classical civilization
Rome had conquered Greece and was influenced by their culture
One of greatest legacies to the world
Realism
Augustus had great artistic achievement
Bas-relief; told stories
Mosaics; found in wealthy homes
Pompeii was best example; site of Vesuvius eruption which preserved many buildings and artworks

44. Society and Culture (cont’d)
Legacy
Latin language; official language of Roman Catholic Church into 20th century
Aqueducts; brought water to cities
Architecture; inspired public buildings
Roman Roads; made of stone, concrete, and sand. Lasted until Middle ages
Laws; most lasting and widespread
Fair and equal to all people
Influenced by philosophers
Equal treatment under law
Innocent until proven guilty

45. VII. Fall of the Roman Empire
Rome’s economy weakens
Inflation
Overworked soil
Military in disarray
Rome splits (empire no more)
West: remains Rome; Latin speaking
Huns responsible for German invasions in West (Attila)
East: Byzantine Empire; Greek speaking
Constantine secures, moves capitol (Constantinople)
Flourishes; preserves Greek and Roman culture

46. VI. Christianity Spreads
Jesus
The Messiah
Contained many ideas from Judaism
Stressed importance of people’s love for God and each other
Promised salvation for those who repented their sins
Crucified for defying the Roman government
Spread of Christianity
Roads make is easy
Paul

47. Christianity Spreads Constantine Christian Church
Ends persecution (occurred b/c people didn’t worship Roman gods—thousands were killed, exiled, or imprisoned)
Nicene Creed: basic beliefs of church
Christian Church
Peter “rock” on which the church will be built
First Pope—head of the Christian Church
Bishops next
Priests
Augustine: influential writer/bishop helped define Church teachings