1. The Reformation
Ch. 17 Sections 3 & 4

2. VI. The Reformation Causes
Renaissance emphasized secular beliefs (printing press spread these ideas)
Northern merchants resented paying church taxes in Rome
Critics claimed leaders were corrupt
(Popes patronized the arts, spent extravagantly on personal pleasure, and fought wars)

3. Reformation (cont’d) Martin Luther’s role The 95 Thesis: Reformation:
Formal statements attacking the
“pardon-merchants”
Oct 31, 1517
Johann Tetzel; sold indulgences: a pardon
95 Thesis posted on church door; someone copied it in printer and ML became known all over Germany
Reformation:
a movement of religious reform

4. Reformation (cont’d) Luther’s Teachings
People could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness (catholic church taught faith and “good works”)
All Church teachings should be clearly based on the bible (Pope and Church were false authorities)
All people with faith were equal (people didn’t need priests to interpret the bible for them)

5. Reformation (cont’d) Response to Luther Pope excommunicated Luther
Emperor declared Luther an outlaw and ordered his books banned
Luther returned to Germany and found his ideas in practice… Lutherans: separate religious group that followed Luther
Peasant’s Revolt
Peasants demanded end to serfdom, pillaged monasteries, Luther objected

6. VII. Protestants Form German War
Some support Luther, some remained loyal to the pope. War erupts
Protestants form: Christians who belong to non-Catholic churches
Peace of Augsburg:
religious settlement
allowing German princes
to decide religion of each
province

7. Protestants Form (cont’d)
England becomes protestant
Henry VIII wants son, divorce/annulment (set aside); Henry denied.
1529 called Reformation Parliament: ends Pope’s power in England
Act of Supremacy, 1534: Henry, not pope, is head of England and church
1559: Anglican Church (Church of England) formed by Elizabeth

8. Henry VIII timeline
1509 Henry VIII becomes king of England; marries Catherine of Argon
1516 daughter Mary is born
1527 Henry asks the pope to
end his first marriage; pope refuses
1529 Henry summons Reformation Parliament
1531 parliament recognizes Henry as head of Church

9. Henry VIII timeline (cont’d)
1534 Act of Supremacy
1533 Henry divorces Catherine, marries Anne Boleyn; daughter Elizabeth is born
1536 Anne Boleyn is beheaded
1537 Henry marries Jane Seymour, son Edward is born, Jane dies of complications
Henry divorces new wife Anne of Cleves, executes his 5th wife: Catherine Howard

10. Henry VIII timeline (cont’d)
1547 Henry dies; 6th wife Catherine Parr outlives him; Edward VI begins 6 yr rule; Protestants strong
1553 Mary I (bloody Mary)
begins rule and restores
the Catholic Church
1558 Elizabeth I begins rule; restores Protestant church (Anglican Church)

11. Protestants Form (cont’d)
Religious Turmoil
Edward VI reigns; advisors run things and make England very Protestant
Mary I reigns; forces England to be Catholic, kills those who oppose (bloody Mary)
Elizabeth I reigns; returns Protestantism; sets up Anglican church (Church of England)—only legal church in England

12. Protestants Form (cont’d)
To Please Protestants:
Priests allowed to marry
Sermons in English (not Latin)
This brought religious peace to England
To Please Catholics:
Kept some trappings of the Catholic service like rich robes
Services revised to be more acceptable

13. Protestants Form (cont’d)
Elizabeth’s difficulties
Some protestants wanted more reform
Some Catholics want Mary Queen of Scots to take over (she’s devout Catholic!)
England needs money and wants to form colonies in America as new income—leads to conflict between monarch and Parliament

14. VIII. Calvinism Emerges
Religion based on John Calvin’s teachings
Calvin tweaks Luther’s ideas
Believed that men and women sinful by nature
Predestination: God knows beforehand which people will be saved
(remember that Luther said humans can earn salvation)

15. Calvinism Emerges (cont’d)
Calvin leads reformation in Switzerland
Theocracy: gov’t controlled by religious leaders (he thought this was the perfect gov’t)
Est. Geneva, Switzerland as theocracy; becomes example city; has very strict rules (ie-no bright clothes or card games)

16. Calvinism Emerges (cont’d)
Calvinism spreads
John Knox takes ideas to
Scotland
Presbyterians: followers of Knox
Becomes Scotland’s official religion
Get rid of Mary Queen of Scots, lets son James rule
Swiss, Dutch, and French reformers adopt Calvinist organization and today trace roots to Calvin

17. IX. Other Protestant Reforms
The Anabaptists “baptize again”
Only baptized people who were old enough to decide for themselves to be Christian
Said church and state should be separate; refused to fight wars
Persecuted by both Catholics and Protestants as radicals
Became Mennonites and Amish; influenced Quakers and Baptists who split from Anglican church

18. Other Protestant Reforms (cont’d)
Women’s role
Played prominent roles (protected reformers, supported men)

19. Splits in the Christian Church

20. X. Catholic Reforms Catholic Reformation (counter reformation)
Efforts to reform and renew Catholic church from within
Millions remained loyal to Catholicism; reform from within

21. Catholic Reforms (cont’d)
Jesuits Created
Followers of Ignatius of Loyola; Society of Jesus
3 main activities:
Founded schools
Convert non-Christians to Catholicism
Stop spread of Protestantism (worked well in Southern Germany and Poland)

22. Catholic Reforms (cont’d)
Reforming Popes
Council of Trent: most important reform
Meeting of Catholic leaders to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers
Church’s interpretation of bible final; anyone with own interpretation was heretic
Need faith and good works for salvation
Bible and Church tradition equally powerful authorities
Indulgences were valid expressions of faith; false selling of indulgences banned
Next pope carried out council’s decrees and made list of dangerous books (Index of Forbidden Books) Bishops ordered to burn these books; included Protestant bibles

23. Legacy of Reformation *Ended religious unity in Europe*
Religious and Social Effects
Protestant churches flourished
Catholic church more unified (Council of Trent)
Led to schools and colleges
Political Effects
Monarchs gained power
Laid groundwork for Enlightenment