1. The Project Molecular Diffusion in MRI Technical application of tracking fiber (Tractografía) investigator: Martha Liliana Mora V. investigator: Martha Liliana Mora V. e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

2. Molecular Diffusion in MRI 1. State of the art. 2. Physical phenomenon DTI. 3. Introduction. 4. Methods. 4.1 Algorithm RF Inhomogeneity Correction Algorithm in MRI. 4.2 Algorithm Registration. 4.3 Algorithm Diffusion Isotropy 4.4 Algorithm Diffusion Anisotropy Tensor MRI. 4.5 Algorithm DTI - Higher Resolution. e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

3. 5. Implementation of Methods. (proof in the software) 6.The Objective of this visit Brigham and women´s hospital – Harvard Medical School. 6.1 Collaboration with the group of BWH's work in publications. 6.2 Training in the acquisition, processing, analysis, and application of Diffusion Tensor Imaging. 6.3 Future works with the group of BWH. – HMS. Molecular Diffusion in MRI e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

4. 1. State of the art. Stejskal, E. O., and Tanner, J.E. Spin-diffusion measurements: spin echoes in the presence of a time-dependent field gradient. J. Chem. Phys. 42, 288-92. (1965). Stejskal, E. O., and Tanner, J.E. Spin-diffusion measurements: spin echoes in the presence of a time-dependent field gradient. J. Chem. Phys. 42, 288-92. (1965). Difusión en imagen de resonancia magnética. It was introduced for LeBihan en 1985. Art. – Le Bihan D, Breton E. Imagerie de diffusion in vivo par résonance magnétique nucléaire. CR Acad Sci Paris 1985;301:1109-1112. Difusión en imagen de resonancia magnética. It was introduced for LeBihan en 1985. Art. – Le Bihan D, Breton E. Imagerie de diffusion in vivo par résonance magnétique nucléaire. CR Acad Sci Paris 1985;301:1109-1112. Difusion Tensor by Basser et al (Mattiello J. Le Bihan) Diffusion tensor echo- planar imaging of human brain. In proceedings of the SMRM, Estimation of the effective self-diffusion tensor from the NMR spin echo. J. Magn. Reson 1994; Difusion Tensor by Basser et al (Mattiello J. Le Bihan) Diffusion tensor echo- planar imaging of human brain. In proceedings of the SMRM, Estimation of the effective self-diffusion tensor from the NMR spin echo. J. Magn. Reson 1994; Diffusion Tensor Imaging: Concepts and Applications; (Denis Le Bihan, Jean Francois Mangin, Cyril Poupon, Chris A. Clark. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2001). Diffusion Tensor Imaging: Concepts and Applications; (Denis Le Bihan, Jean Francois Mangin, Cyril Poupon, Chris A. Clark. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2001). Molecular Diffusion in MRI e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

5. 1. State of the art. Diffusion Tensor Imaging – Image Acquisition and Processing Tools. Surgical Planning Laboratory, Technical Report # 354. Martha E. Shenton, Ph.D., Marek Kubicki, M.D., Ph.D., Robert W. McCarley, M.D. Diffusion Tensor Imaging – Image Acquisition and Processing Tools. Surgical Planning Laboratory, Technical Report # 354. Martha E. Shenton, Ph.D., Marek Kubicki, M.D., Ph.D., Robert W. McCarley, M.D. An Analysis Tools for Quantification of Diffusion Tensor MRI Data. Hae- Jeong Park, Martha E. Shenton, Carl-Fredrik Westin. Division of Nuclear Medicine, Dept. of Diagnostic Radiology, Yonsei University, Colege of Medicine, Shinchon- dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea. Laboratory of Mathematics in Imaging, Dept. of Radiology, Brigham and Womens Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston – USA. An Analysis Tools for Quantification of Diffusion Tensor MRI Data. Hae- Jeong Park, Martha E. Shenton, Carl-Fredrik Westin. Division of Nuclear Medicine, Dept. of Diagnostic Radiology, Yonsei University, Colege of Medicine, Shinchon- dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea. Laboratory of Mathematics in Imaging, Dept. of Radiology, Brigham and Womens Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston – USA. DTI and MTR abnormalities in schizophrenia: Analysis of white matter integrity. DTI and MTR abnormalities in schizophrenia: Analysis of white matter integrity. M. Kubicki et al. Neuroimagen 25 (2005) 1109-1118. Molecular Diffusion in MRI e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

6. 1. State of the art. P. Perona and J. Malik. Scale-space and edge detection using anisotropic diffusion. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 12(7):629-639,July 1990. J. Weickert. Theoretical foundations of anisotropic diffusion in image processing. Computing Supplement, 11:221-236, 1996. J. Weickert. A review of nonlinear diffusion ltering. Scale-Space Theory in Computer Vision, Lecture Notes in Comp. Science (Springer, Berlin), 1252:3-28,1997. Invited Paper. L. Alvarez, P.L. Lions, and J.M. Morel. Image selective smoothing and edge detection by nonlinear diffusion (II). SIAM Journal of Numerical Analysis, 29:845-866,1992. Molecular Diffusion in MRI e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

7. 1. State of the art. P. Abry and A. Aldroubi. Designing multiresolution analysis-type wavelets and their fast algorithms. J. Fourier Anal. Appl., to appear. S. Mallat. Multiresolution approximations and wavelet orthonormal bases of. Trans. Am. Math Soc., 315(1): 69-97, 1989. S. Mallat. A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: The wavelet representation. IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., II(7): 674-693, 1989. Molecular Diffusion in MRI e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

8. DIFUSIÓN Difusión Restringida (ANISOTROPíA) Difusión Libre (ISOTROPÍA) e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

9. DIFUSIÓN It does not obtain direction equal l oss of sign. e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

10. Methods. Molecular Diffusion in MRI 4.1 Algorithm RF Inhomogeneity Correction Algorithm in MRI. Publication: Juan A. Hernandez, Martha L. Mora, Emanuele Schiavi, and Pablo Toharia. ISBMDA 2004, LNCS 3337, pp. 1–8, 2004. Publisher: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004 e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

11. Molecular Diffusion in MRI Methods. 4.2 Algorithm Image Registration Classification. Registration criteria. Registration criteria. -Quantitative measure of a good match. - -Focus on intensity based measures. Spatial transform type - -Allowable mapping from one image to another. Optimization algorithm used - -Optimize transform parameters w.r.t to measure. Image interpolation method - Value of image at non-grid position e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

12. Molecular Diffusion in MRI Methods. 4.2 Algorithm Image Registration Classification. Registration Framework Generic framework for building intensity based registration algorithms. Each functionality encapsulated as components. Components are inter-changeable allowing a combinatorial variety of registration methods. Components are generic – Can be used outside the registration framework

13. Methods. 4.2 4.2 Registration Framework Components Molecular Diffusion in MRI Registration Framework Image Similarity Metric Cost Function Optimizer Transform Image Interpolator Resample Image Filter Fixed image Moving image Transform Parameters Resampled image

14. Methods. Methods. 4.2 Algorithm Image Registration Classification. Transfrom Encapsulates the mapping of points and vectors from an input space to an output space. Provides a variety of transforms from simple translation, rotation and scaling to general affine and kernel transforms. Forward versus inverse mapping Parameters and Jacobians Molecular Diffusion in MRI

15. Methods. Methods. 4.2 Algorithm Image Registration Classification. 4.2 Algorithm Image Registration Classification. Forward and Inverse Mappings: Relationship between points of two images can be expressed in two ways: – Forward Pixel of input image mapped onto the output image – Inverse Output pixels are mapped back onto the input image Encapsulates the mapping of points and vectors from an input space to an output space. Provides a variety of transforms from simple translation, rotation and scaling to general affine and kernel transforms. Forward versus inverse mapping Parameters and Jacobians

16. Molecular Diffusion in MRI Methods. 4.2 Algorithm Image Registration Classification. Translation Transform: Maps all points by adding a constant vector: Parameters: i- parameter represent the translation in the i-dimension. Jacobian in 2D:

17. Molecular Diffusion in MRI Methods. 4.2 Algorithm Image Registration Classification. Euler2D Tranform: Represents a rotation and translation in 2D Parameters: Jacobian in 2D:

18. Molecular Diffusion in MRI Methods. 4.2 Algorithm Image Registration Classification. Euler3D Tranform: Represents 3D rotation and translation - Rotation about each coordinate axis. Parameters:

19. Molecular Diffusion in MRI Methods. 4.3 Algorithm Diffusion Isotropy – Image derivates. The derivative of the image with respect to the variable is writtenThe derivative of the image with respect to the variable is written For vector-valued images, we have andFor vector-valued images, we have and The derivation of a scalar image with respect to its spatial coordinates is called the image gradient and is noted by : e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

20. Methods. 4.3 Algorithm Diffusion Isotropy It is for 2D images (p = 2) and 3D volumes (p = 3) : when p = 3 Molecular Diffusion in MRI when p = 2 e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

21. Molecular Diffusion in MRI Methods. 4.3 Algorithm Diffusion Isotropy This equation used in the physics to describe solid flows, this one is known as the equation of the diffusion. Koenderink noticed in that the solution at a particular time t is the convolution of the original image with a normalized 2D Gaussian kernel of variance e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

22. Methods. 4.3 Algorithm Diffusion Isotropy With and Is a normalized 2D Guassian kernel of variance Perona – Malik. The idea is built on the fact that the heat equation can be written in a divergence form : Molecular Diffusion in MRI e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

23. Molecular Diffusion in MRI Methods. 4.3 Algorithm Diffusion Isotropy - divergence – based PDE Other authors proposed to use a function depending on the convolved gradient norm rather than simply considering where is a normalized 2D Gaussian kernel of variance A major generalization of divergence-based equations has been recently proposed by Weickert. e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

24. Molecular Diffusion in MRI Methods. 4.3 Algorithm Diffusion Isotropy - divergence – based PDE A major generalization of divergence-based equations has been recently proposed by Weickert. he considered image pixels as chemical concentrations diffusing with respect to some physical laws (Fick Law and continuity equations) and proposed a very generic equation: e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

25. Molecular Diffusion in MRI Methods. 4.4 Algorithm Diffusion Anisotropy Tensor MRI. This is justied by the fact that spectral elements of diffusion tensors are the important data that provide signicant structural informations : For DT-MRI images, the diagonal matrix measures the water molecule velocity in the brain fibers, while the tensor orientation provides important clues to the structure and geometric organization of these fibers. Significant physiological values can also be computed from: - Mean diffusivity : - Partial anisotropy : - Volumen ratio: e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

26. Molecular Diffusion in MRI Methods. 4.2 Algorithm Diffusion Anisotropy Tensor MRI. Regularization of the tensor diffusivities : Different anisotropic PDE's can be used to regularize the tensor diffusivities, Depending on the considered application. For instance,the following diffusion schemes could be considered for analysis : - Process each eigenvalue separately, with classical scalar regularization schemes. - Process the eigenvector using vector – valued diffusion PDE´s. - Include a-priori spectral informations inside the diffusion equation, in order to drive the diffusion process. For instance, it could be done like this, for DT-MRI regularization purposes: where D is a diffusion tensor that drives the regularization process. e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

27. Molecular Diffusion in MRI Methods. 4.2 Algorithm DTI – Multiresolution Approximations and Their Associated Wavelets. There is a class of DWT that can be implemented using extremely efficient algorithms. [Aldroubi - S.Mallat].There is a class of DWT that can be implemented using extremely efficient algorithms. [Aldroubi - S.Mallat]. These types of wavelet transforms are associated with mathematical structures called multiresolution approximations of (MRA).These types of wavelet transforms are associated with mathematical structures called multiresolution approximations of (MRA). A multiresolution approximation of is a set of spaces that are generated by dilating and translating a single function.A multiresolution approximation of is a set of spaces that are generated by dilating and translating a single function. e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

28. Molecular Diffusion in MRI Methods. Multiresolution Approximations and Their Associated Wavelets. Where are the dilations (or reductions) and translations of The function called the scaling function. Moreover, for fixed the set is requered to form an unconditional basis of. is requered to form an unconditional basis of. If the funcctions form an orthogonal basis of. Then we call an orthogonal scaling function. The spaces are required to satisfy the additional properties: e:mail:martha.mora@urjc.es

29. Molecular Diffusion in MRI Methods. 4.2 Multiresolution Approximations and Their Associated Wavelets. Properties (i) – (iv), the scaling function that is used to generated the MRA cannot be chosen arbitrarily. Properties (i) – (iv), the scaling function that is used to generated the MRA cannot be chosen arbitrarily. In fact since and since In fact since and since. Conclude that the generating function must be a linear combination Conclude that the generating function must be a linear combination of the basis : of the basis : This last relation is often called the two-scale relation or the refinement equation, and the sequence is the generating sequence which is crucial in the implementation of the DWT associated with multiresolutions. This last relation is often called the two-scale relation or the refinement equation, and the sequence is the generating sequence which is crucial in the implementation of the DWT associated with multiresolutions.

30. Molecular Diffusion in MRI