1. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 “Men are only as good as their technical development allows them to be” - George Orwell

2. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Energy and the Environment Part III (final part) CES August 2010 Prof. R. Shanthini Dept of Chemical & Process Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Peradeniya

3. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Describe the major energy technologies Assess the impact of the use of energy from the environmental (ecological) point of view Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of - energy sufficiency (conservation) - energy efficiency - energy security and - sustainability issues Learning Objectives √ √

4. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI) HDI = LI 3 + EI 3 + GDPI 3 LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25 85 - 25 GDPI (GDP Index) = ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100) ln(40000) - ln(100) EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy 3 100 2 School Enrollment 3 100 +

5. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 EF measures how much land and water area a human population requires to produce the resource it consumes and to absorb its wastes, using prevailing technology. Biocapacity is shorthand for biological capacity, which is the ability of an ecosystem to produce useful biological materials and to absorb wastes generated by humans. Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org Sustainable global EF per capita = Total Biocapacity per capita = 13.4/6.8 ≈ 2 gha Ecological Footprint (EF)

6. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org and http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008 EF < 2 gha per capita HDI > 0.8 High HDI (>0.8) is accompanied by unsustainable levels of Ecological Footprint.

7. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org and http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008 good OK medium poor Sri Lanka to USA

8. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 How can we all live well and live within the means of one planet? The challenge ahead of us is to assist development to attain HDI > 0.8 while maintaining a healthy Ecological Footprint per capita HDI = LI 3 + EI 3 + GDPI 3

9. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Ideas from the class ARE DISCUSSED on the following points.

10. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in percentage) Biomass 56.5% Electricity 9.7% Petroleum 33.8% Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/ Who use the biomass? Who use the electricity? Who use the petroleum?

11. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in percentage) Biomass 56.5% Electricity 9.7% Petroleum 33.8% Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/ How would development alter the above chart and what are the implications?

12. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Wind and sunlight are used for drying instead of fuel or electricity. Solar Energy - Thermal The 'right to dry' is specifically protected by the Florida legislation and similar solar rights legislation has been passed in Utah and Hawaii.

13. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Photovoltaic Power for Rural Homes In Sri Lanka

14. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Solar lantern About Rs 2500/= 7W CFL, 12V Electronics, 10Wp Panel 7Ah MF Battery Backup: 3 to 4 hours Solar Panel Warrantee: 10 years Lantern Warrantee: 1 year

15. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 William Kamkwamba of Malawi http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com

16. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Curitiba (in Brazil) which pioneered BRT technology in the 1970s - BRT system is different from conventional bus service. - BRT run in dedicated lanes. - BRT have signal priority so they spend less time stopped at red lights. - Space for the busway is often re-allocated from existing traffic or parking lanes.

17. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 BRT buses move quickly through the city transporting 2 million people daily, which is 70% of the cities population. GDP per capita of Curitiba increased from 10% to 65% above the national average during 1980 to 1996. BRT board passengers through all doors after paying fares at station platforms. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Curitiba (in Brazil) which pioneered BRT technology in the 1970s

18. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 $120 million Paris created an individualized mass transit system called Vélib (“Freedom Bikes”).

19. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Study nature, observe its ingenious designs and processes, and then Imitates these designs and processes to solve human problems. Biomimicry (or Bionics)

20. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Janine Benyus Author of ‘Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature’, a book that has galvanized scientists, architects, designers and engineers into exploring new ways in which nature's successes can inspire humanity. http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/ janine_benyus_shares_nature_s_designs.html Biomimicry (or Bionics)

21. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Biomimicry (or Bionics) Termite mounds include flues which vent through the top and sides, and the mound itself is designed to catch the breeze. As the wind blows, hot air from the main chambers below ground is drawn out of the structure, helped by termites opening or blocking tunnels to control air flow.

22. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Biomimicry (or Bionics) Eastgate centre (shopping centre and office block) at central Harare, Zimbabwe is modelled on local termite mounds and is ventilated and cooled entirely by natural means.

23. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Biomimicry (or Bionics) Trapped air on the rough surface of the lotus leaf reduces liquid-to- solid contact area. Due to self-attraction, water forms a sphere. Due to natural adhesion between water and solids, dirt particles on a leaf's surface stick to the water. The slightest angle in the surface of the leaf causes balls of water to roll off the leaf surface, carrying away the attached dirt particles. Source: http://biomimicryinstitute.org/case-studies/

24. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Biomimicry (or Bionics) GreenShield™ coats textile fibres with liquid repelling nano particles in order to create water and stain repellency on textiles, and results in a 10-fold decrease in the use of environmentally harmful fluorocarbons (the conventional means of achieving repellency). Other products inspired by the Lotus Effect include Lotusan paint and Signapur glass finish.

25. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Fiber that can stop bullets is made from petroleum-derived molecules at high-pressure and high temperature with concentrated sulfuric acid. The energy input is extreme and the toxic byproducts are horrible. Biomimicry (or Bionics) Spider makes equally strong and much tougher fiber at body temperature, without high pressures, heat, or corrosive acids. If we could act like the spider, we could take a soluble, renewable raw material and make a super-strong water-insoluble fiber with negligible energy inputs and no toxic outputs. Janine Benyus, 1997

26. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Nature runs on sunlight Nature uses only the energy it needs Nature fits form to function Nature recycles everything Nature rewards cooperation Nature banks on diversity Nature demands local expertise Nature curbs excesses from within Nature taps the power of limits Janine Benyus, 1997 Biomimicry (or Bionics)

27. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 We flew like a bird for the first time in 1903, and by 1914, we were dropping bombs from the sky. Perhaps in the end, it will not be a change in technology that will bring us to the biomimetic future, but a change of heart, a humbling that allows us to be attentive to nature's lessons. - Janine Benyus, 1997 Biomimicry (or Bionics)

28. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Power required to drive an electric car: Heat energy in coal (or oil) to Generation of steam to Mechanical power of the turbine to Generation of AC electricity to Transmission of AC electricity to DC electricity in battery to Mechanical power needed to drive the car Power required to drive a IC engine car: Heat energy in oil to Mechanical power needed to drive the car Which one would be more efficient when considering the heat energy of fuel needed to provide 1 unit of power to drive the car?

29. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 But to answer your question Shanthini... I believe Electric Vehicles would be more efficient in the long run and definitely environmentally friendly, if the technology is explored and further researched.

30. R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 A way of life Gliricidia Sepium End of Lectures