1. An Analysis of The Perceived Competencies of Sports Managers in Taiwan Ling-Mei Ko Professor Ian Henry Centre of Olympic Studies & Research

2. Structure of the Presentation Introduction ─ The Definition of Competency ─ The development of competency-based approach in sports management ─ Research purpose Research Methods Findings and Discussion Conclusion

3. Introduction The Definition of Competency “Competencies are the combination of knowledge, skills, abilities, and personal traits which are utilized to perform a variety of activities and behaviours effectively.” The Development of Competency-Based Approach in Sports Management ─ The purpose is to identify the body of required competencies for a sports manager which could be used for education and training purpose.

4. Introduction Research Purpose ─ To develop a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate the perceptions of sports managers and academics of the importance of competencies of sports managers in Taiwan.

5. Research Methods The Steps of Research 1. Hypothesis Formulation 2. Instrument Development 3. Sample Selection 4. Data Collection 5. Data Analysis 6. Discussions, Implications and Conclusions

6. Research Hypothesis ─ It is believed that neither practitioners nor academics, working alone, can shape the field of sports management. ─ Hypothesis: “ There is no significant difference between sports managers and academics in terms of their perceptions of which competencies are critical to managerial effectiveness. ” 1. Hypothesis Formulation 2. Instrument Development 3. Sample Selection 4. Data Collection 5. Data Analysis 6. Discussions, Implications and Conclusions Research Methods

7. Instrument Development ─ Part 1: Competency ─ Part 2: Demographic Information 1. Systematic Review 3. Delphi Method 2. Taiwan Sports Management Curricula Analysis No.CompetencyImportance of this competency 1To understand financial statements and prepare financial reports.1234567 1. Hypothesis Formulation 2. Instrument Development 3. Sample Selection 4. Data Collection 5. Data Analysis 6. Discussions, Implications and Conclusions 74 Items70 Items Research Methods 4 Items

8. Sample Selection ─ A total size of the sample is 800. 150 sports management academics. 650 sports managers from sports services industry Data Collection ─ 800 surveys were sent out during October, 2006. ─ Two follow-ups The first one was made 14 days following the initial mail-out. The second one was made three weeks after the initial mailing. ─ The data collection was concluded on 31 December, 2006. 1. Hypothesis Formulation 2. Instrument Development 3. Sample Selection 6. Discussions, Implications and Conclusions Research Methods 5. Data Analysis 3. Sample Selection 4. Data Collection

9. Procedure and Purpose Finding out Group Differences in which Factors Analysis of Response Rate and Sample Frame Convergent Validity Analysis of Competencies Reliability Analysis of Each Factor Testing of the Hypotheses Analysis of Importance of Competencies Applied Methods (tools) Descriptive Statistics (SPSS 13.0) Factor Analysis (SPSS 13.0) Cronbach’s α (SPSS 13.0) Descriptive Statistics (SPSS 13.0) One- Way MANOVA Analysis (SPSS 13.0) One-Way ANOVA Analysis (SPSS 13.0)

10. MailedValid Response Valid Response Rate Academics1508355.3% Practitioners65012218.8% Total80020525.6% Findings and Discussion Response Rate

11. Findings and Discussion Agency Setting

12. Findings and Discussion Finding 1 ─ The perceptions of critical competencies to the successful conducting of a sports manager's job have been identified. An eleven-factor competency model for sports managers which consisted of 54 competencies was proposed from factor analysis.

13. Findings and Discussion Factor Variables No. of Items % of Variance Cumulative % Cronbach’s α F 1Management Techniques 1431.665 31.670.92 F 2Sports-Related Theory and Foundations 97.215 38.880.89 F 3Service Provision and Development 54.070 42.950.84 F 4Foreign Language and Learning Ability 43.911 46.860.76 F 5Leadership 43.057 49.920.73 F 6Finance, Economics and Analytic Abilities 42.716 52.630.73 F 7Communication 32.486 55.120.69 F 8Political Awareness 42.463 57.580.80 F 9Accounting and Risk Management 22.413 60.000.62 F 10Information Technology 22.121 62.120.73 F 11Management Theory and Knowledge Management 31.990 64.110.69

14. RankFactor Variables Mean Value SD 1F 1Management Techniques6.080.57 2F 5Leadership6.020.68 3F 4Foreign Language and Learning Ability5.950.66 4F 7Communication5.800.65 5F 11Management Theory and Knowledge Management5.680.71 6F 3Service Provision and Development5.560.71 7F 10Information Technology5.500.78 8F 9Accounting and Risk Management5.350.78 9F 6Finance, Economics and Analytic Abilities5.280.74 10F 2Sports-Related Theory and Foundations5.140.71 11F 8Political Awareness5.010.90 7-point Likert Scale: 1 (not important at all) – 7 (extremely important) Findings and Discussion

15. Finding 2 ─ The perceptional difference between sports managers and academics on the importance of which competencies are critical to managerial effectiveness has been found. The perceptional difference has been found in the test of One-Way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and One-Way ANOVA. Findings and Discussion

16. Effect Wilks’ Lambda F statistics Significant Academic and Practitioner Groups 0.6121.764 0.004** Findings and Discussion One-Way MANOVA for the Overall Difference between Academics and Practitioners **P < 0.01

17. One-way ANOVA for the Differences between Groups in Each Factor Factor Variables AcademicsPractitioners Sig. RankMeanSDRankMeanSD F1 Management Techniques 36.110.5916.050.55 0.458n.s. F2 Sports Related Theory and Foundations 10-115.230.72105.070.70 0.118n.s. F3 Service Provision and Development 65.710.6865.460.72 0.013* F4 Foreign Language and Learning Ability 16.170.6435.800.63 0.000*** F5 Leadership 26.130.6325.940.70 0.056n.s. F6 Finance, Economics and Analytic Abilities 95.300.7985.280.72 0.862n.s. F7 Communication 45.870.6145.750.68 0.224n.s. F8 Political Awareness 10-115.230.97114.860.81 0.004** F9 Accounting and Risk Management 85.510.7895.240.76 0.014* F10 Information Technology 75.580.8575.440.73 0.204n.s. F11 Management Theory and Knowledge Management 55.820.6955.580.71 0.021* 7-point Likert Scale: 1 (not important at all) – 7 (extremely important) ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05; n.s.= non significant

18. Finding 3 ─ Although the perceptional difference between 2 groups on the important competencies has been found, the difference is slight. The results only reported different degrees of agreement of the importance for all competencies. Findings and Discussion

19. Conclusion The main contribution of this paper lies in the identification of perceptions of critical competencies of a successful sports manager. The findings of this study have several significant implications for both academics and practitioners. ─ Academics To design curriculum or to modify the existing curricula in a more integrated and competency-based educational programme. ─ Practitioners As a guideline in recruiting competent sports managers, evaluating performance of employees, and training.

20. Thank you!