1. SINGLE CASE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS (INTRA-SUBJECT REPLICATION DESIGNS)

2. Evaluation of treatment effects in clinical and applied research Developed in the field of Applied Behaviour Analysis Shaping of appropriate verbal responses in a four-year old autistic boy by means of electric shock SINGLE CASE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

3. Idiographic (usually – sort of) Avoids the problem of within-group variability in nomothetic designs SINGLE CASE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

4. Pre-testPost-test Treatment Control between-group variability within-group variability F =

5. Pre-testPost-test Treatment Control between-group variability within-group variability F =

6. If within-group variability is high: Might find no statistically significant difference between groups, even though the treatment works well for some individuals

7. Aim of single case designs is to demonstrate that the treatment caused any observed change in behaviour and not some other factor Rule out potential independent variables (threats to validity)

8. If X, then Y and If not X, then not Y Evidence for the efficacy of a treatment is obtained if and only if a change in behaviour is observed when and only when the treatment is applied

9. BASELINE TREATMENT FOLLOW-UP

10. BASELINE TREATMENT FOLLOW-UP VISUAL INSPECTION OF DATA

11. Behavioural Assessment: Target behaviours clearly defined Inter-rater reliability assessed, where appropriate Stable baselines established

12. BASELINE TREATMENT FOLLOW-UP VISUAL INSPECTION OF DATA

13. BASELINE TREATMENT FOLLOW-UP VISUAL INSPECTION OF DATA If X, then Y; but not if not X, then not Y

14. ABAB (REVERSAL) DESIGNS BASELINE A TREATMENT PHASE B B REVERSAL PHASE A

15. ABAB

16. ABAB

17. MULTIPLE BASELINE DESIGNS Do not require reversal phase Multiple baselines across:Participants Behaviours Situations

18. Multiple baselines across participants Requires independence of participants

19. Pates et al. (2005) Effects of music on flow states and shooting performance among netball players Flow data

20. Pates et al. (2005) Effects of music on flow states and shooting performance among netball players Performance data

21. Callow & Waters (2005) Effect of kinaesthetic imagery intervention on sport confidence of flat-race horse jockeys

22. Multiple baselines across behaviours Requires independence of behaviours

23. SWAIN & JONES (1995) Effects of goal-setting intervention on selected basketball skills Multiple baselines across participants and behaviours: Offensive rebounds Defensive rebounds Steals Turnovers

24. SWAIN & JONES (1995) Participants assessed on performance across 8 games and then selected one aspect of performance to work on Intervention: Individualised goal-setting procedure

26. MORE ADVANTAGES Complex intervention packages Comparing different interventions Improving interventions

27. MORE ADVANTAGES

28. POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS How many ‘successful’ interventions do we need to be confident that the treatment is having an effect? How many ‘failures’ can we tolerate? Internal validity

30. POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS External validity How many times do we need to replicate the findings in order to be able to generalise?

31. POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS Non-specific treatment effects Attention effects, participant expectations of benefit and demand characteristics of the experimental situation may be particularly problematic in single case designs

32. POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS Trends towards change during baseline can make interpretation difficult

33. Single case designs are idiographic and yet quantitative. We gain some of the richness and in-depth understanding of qualitative research methods whilst being able to quantify change and maintain a relatively objective stance towards the data and its interpretation CONCLUSION