1. Chapter 4
Adjectives

2. Adjectives What are adjectives?
Adjectives are words which describe the quality of a noun or pronoun.
Guys with slow cars want faster ones.
Adjectives tell us what kind of:
What kind of test is it going to be?
Is it a hard one or an easy one?
What is it like?
Adjectives are invariables, i.e, they do not change whether the noun they qualify is singular or plural. (an) intelligent boy(s).

3. Formation of adjectives
Most of the commonest adjectives have no particular form or ending
E.g. right, wrong, nice, tall, black, etc.
But there are however a number of suffixes that are used with adjectives.
Suffix: -y
Meaning: having the look or quality of.
Examples: air-airy, rubber-rubbery, dirt-dirty.
Suffix:-ly
Meaning: it is added to nouns to denote some kinds of people to form adjectives with the meaning having the qualities of.
Examples: brother-brotherly coward-cowardly

4. Formation of adjectives
Suffix: -like
Meaning: it is added to some nouns to form adjectives with the meaning looking or having like:
Examples: child-childlike, life-lifelike, god-godlike.
Suffix: -ish
Meaning: A. added to nouns denoting some kinds of people to form adjectives with the meaning looking or behaving as badly as.
B. added to names of nationalities to describe the people or their languages.
C. added to adjectives which describe color to form other adjectives with the meaning having this quality more or less
Examples: A. child-childish B. Britain-British, C. red-reddish

5. Formation of adjectives
Suffix: -ful
Meaning: this suffix is added to nouns to form adjectives with the meaning having the quality of or full of.
Examples faith-faithful, joy-joyful shame-shameful.
Suffix: -less
Meaning: this suffix is added to nouns to form adjectives with the meaning not having the quality of.
Examples: meaning-meaningless, use-useless, point-poinless.

6. Formation of adjectives
Suffix:-able,/-ible
Meaning these suffixes form adjectives with the meaning which is able to do this or this quality
Examples: accept-acceptable, convert-convertible
Suffix: -ed
Meaning this suffix is added to nouns to form adjectives with the meaning having or possessing.
Example: bad-tempered, cross-eyed, open-hearted.
Suffix:-ese
Meaning: this suffix is added to names of countries to form adjectives which describe the people or their language.
Example: China-Chinese

7. Formation of adjectives
Suffix: -(i)an
Meaning: this suffix is added to the names of countries to form adjectives which describe nationalities or their language:
Example: Victoria- Victorian, Republic-Republican
Suffix: -ive
Meaning: This suffix is used to make adjectives from verbs. The resulting adjective usually means which performs the action of the verb.
Example: attract-attractive, explode-explosive.

8. Notes on adjectives
1. Most of the other suffixes which you will meet form adjectives to describe things in the world of intellectual activity, science, technology, and medicine:
Ist: socialism- socialist; -al: cime-criminal; ic: science-scientist ic: science-scientific or: satisfy-satisfactory; ical: geography-geographical; ent: depend-dependent.
2. There are a number of cases where a common everyday noun has a corresponding scientific adjective. For example, the adjective sunny has a scientific adjective which is solar ( as in solar system)

9. Position of Adjectives
Adjectives may be used attributively, i.e. they usually come before the noun or the pronoun one(s); or predicatively, i.e. they are separated from the noun, usually following a verb like be, seem, look, or constructions on the pattern MAKE ME ANGRY.

10. Attributive Attributive A. The adjective comes before the noun
e.g. The serious rabbit and the handsome stranger.
B. The adjective comes immediately after the pronoun somebody, something, somewhere, anyone, or everyone.
e.g. I feel that something terrible is going to happen.
Are you going anywhere interesting tonight?
C. The adjective follows the noun in a few fixed expressions , mostly to do with important positions or the law
e.g. a cort martial the Postmater General the Secretery General the Prince Regent D

11. D. The adjectives involved, concerned and present
A. After a noun
E.g. I want to the students involved.
The people concerned are waiting outside.
B. before the noun
E.g.an involved explanation
A concerned expression on her face.
The present situation.

12. Predicative A. The adjective is used after a verb
E.g. He is poor and I am rich.
You look tired.
The milk turned sour in the hot weather.
B. In constructions on the pattern MAKE ME ANGRY:
E.g. You make me very angry.
I consider her brilliant.
I found it quite exciting.
B. In constructions on the pattern ACTION VERB + ADJECTIVE DESCRIBING RESULT:
Please don’t tie knot too tight.
Would you hold the door open for me please.
He tried to escape so they shot him dead.

13. Predicative In constructions on the pattern DRINK IT COLD:
E.g. I always drink milk cold
I prefer to buy my clothes second-hand.
I eat some vegetables raw

14. Adjectives which can be used only predicatively
These adjectives are usually on the pattern
A number of these adjectives refer to temporary conditions, i.e., to something which is true only for a short time, such as:
Ill well unwell faint
You don’t look very well.
Other predicative adjectives are: glad content, far, upset, afraid, alert, alike, alive
PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVE
LOOK, FEEL, BE, APPEAR, SEEM, ETC.
NOUN
PRONOUN

15. Adjectives which can be used only attributively
1. e.g. I am so glad the you ere able to come.
She is upset because she cant go out tonight.
Thank God you are still alive.

16. Adjectives which can be used only attributively
Inner outer former late
The former Principal of the College.
The late President Kennedy
B. Meer sheer utter, You are a mere child
It is a sheer waste of time and money.
C. Adjectives which have an adverbial meaning
A heavy smoker , An old friend
D. Certain particular main chief sole only principal
She has a certain charm. The chief aim of the plan

17. Order of adjectives
.1. order of adjectives in relation to determiners, etc. np
adjectives
quantifiers
ordinals
determiners
Noun phrase
Few
Last
The
Both
Lot of
Next
This\these
All
Little
Other
That\those
half
1,2,3
First
My etc.
second

18. A beautiful old red London bus
Order of adjectives
1. Examples
A beautiful old red London bus
All those enormous circular wodden tables
The last few original Victorian iron bridges.
Material
origin
color
shape
Agel temperature
Size
value
iron
French
red
round
Oldl cold
small
nice

19. Notes Noun phrases include compound nouns like frying pan
2. Certain verb forms may be put in immediately before adjectives which describe origin or material
e.g. a painted ceramic tile.
A growing French problem
3.Little is often used as a sort of diminutive
A pretty little house
The

20. Notes
6.When you have two value adjectives coming together , the order usually doesn’t matter
e.g. a beautiful, intelligent woman.
A comma is used in the following cases:
With color adjectives: a blue and red striped tie
With adjectives used predicatively:
I am tired and hungry.
c. As a special effect to give equal importance to each adjective: He is young, handsome and romantic.

21. Notes 5. The word pretty is both adjective and adverb
E.g. She is a pretty clever student.