1. Psychoanalytic Theory
Basic Freudian Propositions

2. Levels of Consciousness
Conscious - current awareness
Preconscious - not aware of material but it’s retrievable
Unconscious - not aware of material but it’s not retrievable

4. Personality and Psychoanalysis
Techniques for Revealing the Unconscious
Free Association
Dream Analysis
Projective Techniques
Recovered Memories
Free Association: Speaking whatever comes into your mind without censoring your thoughts. Psychoanalysts must be able to recognize the subtle signs that something important has just been mentioned.
Dream Analysis: Uncovering unconscious material in a dream by interpreting the content of a dream. Consists of manifest content (what the dream actually contains) and latent content (what the elements of the dream actually represent)
Projective Techniques: Uses the idea that what a person sees in an ambiguous figure reflects his or her personality.

5. The Structure of PersonalityID
EGO
Psychoanalytic theory concerns how people cope with their sexual and aggressive instincts within the constraints of a civilized society. One part of the mind creates urges, another has a sense of what civilized society expects, and another part of the mind tries to satisfy the urges within the bounds of reality and society. These parts of the mind are in constant interaction. They have different goals, provoking internal conflicts within an individual.
SUPEREGO

6. The Structure of Personality
The Id – Reservoir of Psychic Energy
Most primitive part of the mind; what we are born with
Source of all drives and urges
Operates according to the pleasure principle and primary process thinking
The pleasure principle is the desire for immediate gratification.
Primary process thinking is thinking without logical rules of conscious thought or an anchor in reality.

7. The Structure of Personality
The Ego- Executive of Personality
The part of the mind that constrains the id to reality
Develops around 2-3 years of age
Operates according to the reality principle and secondary process thinking
Mediates between id, superego, and environment
The ego recognizes under the reality principle that the urges of the id are often in conflict with social and physical reality.
The ego engages in secondary process thinking which refers to the development and devising of strategies for problem solving and obtaining satisfaction.

8. The Structure of Personality
The Superego- Upholder of Values and Ideals
The part of the mind that internalizes the values, morals, and ideals of society
Develops around age 5
Not bound by reality
The superego determines what is right and what is wrong, and enforces this through the emotion of guilt. It sets the moral goals and ideals of perfection.

9. Psychodynamics Conflict model Id vs. superego; Individual vs. society
Restrain expression of all drives
Surplus energy results in anxiety

10. Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious psychological processes designed to avoid or reduce the conscious experience of anxiety

11. Anxiety and the Mechanisms of Defense
Repression
Unconscious
Motivated
Forgetting
Repression was the forerunner of all other forms of defense mechanisms. Freud believed that people often tend to remember the pleasant circumstances surrounding some event , and that unpleasant memories are often repressed.
The process of preventing unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or urges from reaching conscious awareness

12. Anxiety and the Mechanisms of Defense
Denial
Unconscious
Motivated
Not Perceiving
Repression was the forerunner of all other forms of defense mechanisms. Freud believed that people often tend to remember the pleasant circumstances surrounding some event , and that unpleasant memories are often repressed.
Perceptual Defense Research

13. Other Defense Mechanisms
Anxiety and the
Mechanisms of Defense
Other Defense Mechanisms
Reaction Formation
Act opposite of impulse
Projection
Make impulse external
Freud believed that the presence of anxiety is evidence that repression is starting to fail, so other defense mechanisms may be brought into play.
Denial: insisting that things are not what they seem.
Displacement: a threatening impulse is channeled to a non-threatening target.
Rationalization: generating acceptable reasons for outcomes that might otherwise appear socially unacceptable.
Reaction Formation: in an attempt to stifle an unacceptable urge, displaying a flurry of behavior that indicates the opposite impulse.
Projection: seeing in others those traits and desires that we find most upsetting in ourselves.
Sublimation: channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive instincts into socially desired activities.

14. Other Defense Mechanisms
Anxiety and the
Mechanisms of Defense
Other Defense Mechanisms
Isolation/Intellectualization
Isolate emotional reaction
Process abstractly
Freud believed that the presence of anxiety is evidence that repression is starting to fail, so other defense mechanisms may be brought into play.
Denial: insisting that things are not what they seem.
Displacement: a threatening impulse is channeled to a non-threatening target.
Rationalization: generating acceptable reasons for outcomes that might otherwise appear socially unacceptable.
Reaction Formation: in an attempt to stifle an unacceptable urge, displaying a flurry of behavior that indicates the opposite impulse.
Projection: seeing in others those traits and desires that we find most upsetting in ourselves.
Sublimation: channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive instincts into socially desired activities.

15. Other Defense Mechanisms
Anxiety and the
Mechanisms of Defense
Other Defense Mechanisms
Displacement
Channel impulse to non-threatening target
Sublimation
Channel impulse into socially desired
activity
Freud believed that the presence of anxiety is evidence that repression is starting to fail, so other defense mechanisms may be brought into play.
Denial: insisting that things are not what they seem.
Displacement: a threatening impulse is channeled to a non-threatening target.
Rationalization: generating acceptable reasons for outcomes that might otherwise appear socially unacceptable.
Reaction Formation: in an attempt to stifle an unacceptable urge, displaying a flurry of behavior that indicates the opposite impulse.
Projection: seeing in others those traits and desires that we find most upsetting in ourselves.
Sublimation: channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive instincts into socially desired activities.

16. Defense Mechanisms in Everyday Life
Anxiety and the
Mechanisms of Defense
Defense Mechanisms in Everyday Life
Useful in coping with unexpected or disappointing events
Can also make circumstances worse
Defense mechanisms can help us deal with stress; however, when a behavior inhibits the ability to be productive or to maintain relationships, there may be problems.

17. Personality and Psychoanalysis
Making the Unconscious Conscious
Techniques for Revealing the Unconscious
The Process of Psychoanalysis