1. BRITISH ART AND THE GREAT WAR The Great War promoted the breakthrough of modernism in British literature, but it discouraged avant-garde experimentation in the visual arts. These painters found that those who controlled museum space and government commissions detested irony or avant-garde styles:  Wyndham Lewis (1882-1957): pioneer of Vorticism  Paul Nash (1889-1946): influenced by Cubism  John Nash (1893-1977): Paul’s younger brother  C.R.W. Nevinson (1889-1946): Cubist trained in Paris  William Orpen (1878-1931): fashionable portrait painter

2. “What did YOU do in the Great War?” (1915): Photographic realism was the preferred style for recruitment posters

3. “Step Into Your Place,” Great Britain, 1915

4. E. Kealey, “Women of Britain Say – GO!” Great Britain, 1915

5. Emile Boussu, “Reims Cathedral in Flames” (1914)

6. Instructions regarding Field Punishment #1, January 1917 (Canadian): See Graves, p. 176

7. W.H. Margetson, “The Angels of Mons”

8. John Singer Sargent (1856-1925), “Gassed,” 1918/19 (a somber topic, treated in traditional style)

9. John Singer Sargent, “A Street in Arras” (1918)

10. Pablo Picasso, “Girl with a Mandolin” (Paris, 1910): A pioneering work of “analytical cubism”

11. Marcel Duchamp, “Nude Descending a Staircase, #2,” 1912: Described by a U.S. critic of the Armory Show as “an explosion in a shingle factory”

12. David Bomberg, “Sappers at Work,” 1918/19 (first version)

13. David Bomberg, “Sappers at Work,” final version in the National Gallery of Canada, 1919

14. C.R.W. Nevinson, “Machine-Gun” (1915): Apollinaire wrote that Nevinson “translates the mechanical aspect of modern warfare where man and machine combine to form a single force of nature.”

15. C.R.W. Nevinson, “French Troops Resting” (1916)

16. C.R.W. Nevinson, “A Bursting Shell” (exhibited in London, December 1915)

17. C.R.W. Nevinson, “Paths of Glory” (1917): Banned from exhibition!

18. Eric Kennington, “The Kensingtons at Laventie” (1915/16)

19. Eric Kennington, “Gassed and Wounded” (1918)

20. Wyndham Lewis, “The Crowd” (1915; example of “Vorticism”)

21. Wyndham Lewis, “A Canadian Gun-Pit” (1918): Imitating Orpen’s style gained him commissions

22. Wyndham Lewis, “A Battery Shelled” (1919)

23. John Nash, “Over the Top” (Cambrai, 1917): Of 80 men in Nash’s company, 68 were killed or wounded in a few minutes

24. John Nash, “Oppy Wood, 1917: Evening”

25. Paul Nash, “The Ypres Salient at Night” (undated)

26. Paul Nash, “Void” (1918)

27. Paul Nash, “We Are Making a New World” (1918)

28. William Orpen (1878-1931), “Ready to Start” (June 1917)

29. William Orpen, “Dead Germans in a Trench” (1918)

30. William Orpen, “To the Unknown British Soldier Killed in France,” 1922/23 (photograph of first version)

31. William Orpen, “To the Unknown British Soldier Killed in France,” final version of 1927

32. The Cenotaph, Whitehall, London. Designed by Sir Edward Lutyens, built in 1919/20: “The Glorious Dead”