3. Characteristics of Urbanization During the Gilded Age 1.Megalopolis. 2.Mass Transit. 3.Magnet for economic and social opportunities. 4.Pronounced class distinctions. - Inner & outer core 5.New frontier of opportunity for women. 6.Squalid living conditions for many. 7.Political machines. 8.Ethnic neighborhoods.

4. New Architectural Style New Use of Space New Class Diversity New Energy New Culture (“Melting Pot”) New Form of Classic “Rugged Individualism” New Levels of Crime, Violence, & Corruption Make a New Start New Symbols of Change & Progress The City as a New “Frontier?”

5. John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883 http://video.nationalgeogr aphic.com/video/player/n ational-geographic- channel/full- episodes/man-made/ngc- bridges-of-nyc.html

6. John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1913

7. Lady Liberty Being Readied for Travel A centennial “birthday present” from the French people, the Statue of Liberty arrived from France in 1886.

8. Statue of Liberty, 1876 (Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)

9. Inscription on the Statue of Liberty Author: Emma Lazarus Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses, yearning to breath free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore, Send these, the homeless, tempest tossed, I lift my lamp beside the golden door.

10. Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lived (1890)

11. Italian Immigrants Arriving at Ellis Island, ca. 1910

12. Tenement Slum Living

13. Mulberry Street Bend, 1889

14. Hester Street – Jewish Section

15. 5-Cent Lodgings

16. Men ’ s Lodgings

17. Women ’ s Lodgings

18. Immigrant Family Lodgings

19. Jewish Women Working in a Sweatshop, ca. 1910

20. Hull House These immigrant children playing games at the settlement house that Jane Addams founded in Chicago were having some fun while also getting instruction from a settlement house worker in how to be a proper American.

21. Looking Backward Older immigrants, trying to keep their own humble arrival in America “in the shadows,” sought to close the bridge that had carried them and their ancestors across the Atlantic.

22. Dumbbell Tenement Plan Tenement House Act of 1879, NYC

23. “Dumbell “ Tenement, NYC

24. St. Patrick’s Cathedral

25. Morning Service at Moody’s Church, 1908 Thousands of Chicagoans found the gospel and a helping hand at evangelist Dwight Lyman Moody’s church. Although Moody himself died in 1899, his successors continued to attract throngs of worshipers to his church, which could hold up to ten thousand people.

26. Booker T. Washington (1856–1915) In a famous speech in New Orleans in 1895, Washington grudgingly acquiesced in social separateness for blacks. On that occasion, he told his largely white audience, “In all things that are purely social, we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.”

27. W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963) In 1961, at the end of a long lifetime of struggle for racial justice in the United States, Du Bois renounced his American citizenship at the age of ninety- three and took up residence in the newly independent African state of Ghana.

28. Blind Beggar, 1888

29. Italian Rag-Picker

30. 1890s ” Morgue ” – Basement Saloon

31. ” Black & Tan ” Saloon

32. ” Bandits ’ Roost ”

33. Mullen ’ s Alley ” Gang ”

34. The Street Was Their Playground

35. Lower East Side Immigrant Family

36. A Struggling Immigrant Family

37. Another Struggling Immigrant Family

39. Rosa Schneiderman, Garment Worker

40. Child Labor

41. Average Shirtwaist Worker ’ s Week 51 hours or less4,5545% 52-57 hours65,03379% 58-63 hours12,21115% Over 63 hours5621% Total employees, men and women 82,360

42. Womens ’ Trade Union League

43. Women Voting for a Strike!

44. Local 25 with Socialist Paper, The Call

45. Social and Political Activists Clara Lemlich, Labor Organizer Carola Woerishoffer, Bryn Mawr Graduate

46. Public Fear of Unions/Anarchists

47. Arresting the Girl Strikers for Picketing

48. Scabs Hired

50. “ The Shirtwaist Kings ” Max Blanck and Isaac Harris

51. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Asch Building, 8 th and 10 th Floors

53. Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

59. Inside the Building After the Fire

60. Most Doors Were Locked

62. Crumpled Fire Escape, 26 Died

63. One of the Heroes

64. 10 th Floor After the Fire

65. Dead Bodies on the Sidewalk

66. One of the “ Lucky ” Ones?

67. Rose Schneiderman The Last Survivor

68. Scene at the Morgue

69. Relatives Review Bodies 145 Dead

70. Page of the New York Journal

71. One of the Many Funerals

72. Protestors March to City Hall

73. Labor Unions March as Mourners

74. Women Workers March to City Hall

75. The Investigation

77. Out of the Ashes ÔILGWU membership surged. ÔNYC created a Bureau of Fire Prevention. ÔNew strict building codes were passed. ÔTougher fire inspection of sweatshops. ÔGrowing momentum of support for women’s suffrage.

78. The Foundations Were Laid for the New Deal Here in 1911 ÔAl Smith ran unsuccessfully in 1928 on many of the reform programs that would be successful for another New Yorker 4 years later – FDR. ÔIn the 1930s, the federal government created OSHA [the Occupational Safety & Health Administration]. ÔThe Wagner Act. ÔFrancis Perkins  first female Cabinet member [Secretary of Labor] in FDR’s administration.

79. History of the Needlecraft Industry by Ernest Feeney, 1938