1. (It really does) Matter and its Phases Dr. Anti-Matter Hazlett MHS

2. Inertia To understand matter – you need to understand the concept of inertia This is the force(s) that keep something in rest The idea is based on energy This energy is divided into Kinetic and Potential – Kinetic Energy (KE) – the energy of motion (KE = 1/2mv 2 ) – Potential Energy (PE) – the energy of/at rest (PE = mgh)

3. The car at the top of the hill has the potential to use energy if it move/falls – Its KE at rest = 0 When it is descending – its KE increases, but its PE decreases When it hits the bottom, its PE goes up again and its KE once again equals zero

4. E = m c 2 This means that energy and matter are interchangeable if it is multiplied by the square of the speed of light (c) – C = 186 400 miles per second – C = 299 792 458 meters per second (rounded to 3.0 x 10 8 m/s)

5. Mass vs. Matter Matter is something that occupies spacetime and has length, width and height (and time) Mass, on the other hand, is HOW MUCH MATTER an object has at any one time – It is a measure of inertia – Measured in grams, milligrams or kilograms, etc. – The mass of an object does not change – Mass and Matter follow the Conservation Laws – they can’t be created nor destroyed – only transformed

6. Mass remains the same regardless of the phase of the matter However – the volume may change due to the substances density in that state of matter 1 kg  1 kg  1 kg Small VolumeMedium Volume High Volume High DensityMedium Density Low Density

7. NOTE: Mass is NOT the same as Weight Weight is mass with the effect of gravity applied to it! – Wt. = mass x gravity (9.81 m/s 2 on Earth) Mass does not change – gravity does change from place to place – so weight will change

8. RankName Surface Gravity (meter pr. square second) 1 Sun 274 2 Jupiter 24.92 3 Neptune 11.15 4 Saturn 10.44 5 Earth 9.798 6 Uranus 8.87 7 Venus 8.87 8 Mars 3.71 9 Mercury 3.7 10 Moon 1.62 11 Pluto 0.58 Location Distance from Earth's center (m) Value of g m/s 2 Earth's surface 6.38 x 10 6 m 9.8 1000 km above surface 7.38 x 10 6 m 7.33 2000 km above surface 8.38 x 10 6 m 5.68 3000 km above surface 9.38 x 10 6 m 4.53 4000 km above surface 1.04 x 10 7 m 3.70 5000 km above surface 1.14 x 10 7 m 3.08 6000 km above surface 1.24 x 10 7 m 2.60 7000 km above surface 1.34 x 10 7 m 2.23 8000 km above surface 1.44 x 10 7 m 1.93 9000 km above surface 1.54 x 10 7 m 1.69 10000 km above surface 1.64 x 10 7 m 1.49 50000 km above surface 5.64 x 10 7 m 0.13

9. Volume and Density Volume is how much space a certain mass occupies – typically calculated by multiplying width x height x length of the container – Measured in cm 3, L, ml, etc. Density is how much mass is compacted into a space – In other words, how closely packed are the atoms of the matter – D = mass / volume – Answers will be in g/ml, g/L, etc.

10. EXAMPLE:

11. Types/Phases of Matter The type or phase of matter is dependent upon the KE in the particle’s of that matter All particles (atoms or molecules) have KE They move by rotating, vibrating or translating (going in a straight line) So, the amount of KE determines the phase of the matter – Particle KE is affected by things like temperature and pressure

13. 1. PLASMA On the scale of KE, this phase/type of matter has the highest amount In fact, it has so much, the electrons get ripped off the atom’s nucleus – leaving plasma Example is lightning or the surface of the sun

14. 2. Gas Gases are next on the KE scale A gas is defined as a type of matter that fills its container, so its volume equals whatever it’s in Gases expand to fill their container in a process called diffusion Since the atoms of a gas have a lot of space between them, gases can be condensed or compressed – In fact – applying pressure and lowering the temp of a gas will transform it into a liquid

15. Gas particles – due to the space and KE – collide a lot – They collide with each other and the sides of the container they are in – The collisions with the container we measure and call pressure – The rate of collision is the gas pressure in the container! (Of course – there’s different ways to measure this and it requires your very favorite topic – CONVERSIONS!)

16. 3. Liquid Like gases, they fill the container they are in – so their volume is measured by their container – A liquid’s mass and volume can be measured separately However – there is less space between the particles and they are less compressible

17. Key Terms with Liquids Viscosity – this is the rate or ability of a liquid to flow Surface Tension – the top of a liquid has a “skin” on top due to the attraction of the top layer of particles by the ones below it – This is what allows a drop to form a circular shape

18. Vapor Pressure - due to evaporation, there will be some particles of a liquid in the atmosphere above it, and this changes the pressure above that liquid Capillary Action – this is the ability of a liquid to flow uphill! – It is achieved through electromagnetic forces!

19. 4. Solids Much lower particle KE and this is limited mainly to vibrations and rotations Solids have a set volume, mass, shape and density Just like the other types of matter – solids are affected by temperature and pressure Two major solid structures.....

20. Amorphous Solid Structure – the particles in the solid are randomly set up or aligned – Ice is an example of this – You have to increase the pressure on ice to about 1 million atmospheres to get it into a crystalline structure! Crystalline Solid Structure – this is a 3 dimensional, organized pattern of the solid’s particles – There are 7 major crystal structures

21. 5. Bose-Einstein Condensate

22. This form of matter can only be achieved at absolute zero! – That’s -465 o F, -273 o C, or O o K!!!!! This means that there is NO KE in or between the matter’s particles Because of this – light sent through BEC will slow down to 7, that’s right, 7 mph!!!!! Temp lowered by using lasers

23. Typically, the energy from the photon is absorbed and then released by the atom’s electrons But at Absolute Zero – there is no KE and the electrons are not moving – so they can’t absorb or release any energy!

24. 6. Dark Matter Believe it or not, 80% of the matter in the universe is made up of something called dark matter It’s called this because we are in the “dark” about what it really is Fritz Zwicky (1934) proposed the existence of dark matter to explain the amount of gravity found in the galaxy – Since then, it has been reinforced by other scientific experiments and mathematics

25. Dark matter falls into the category of non- baryonic matter It contains particles called MACHOs, WIMPs (confirmed as existing in 2013!) and others

27. Phase Diagrams and Concepts Phase diagram – a graph to show the phases of a substance and at what temperature and pressure it goes into each phase

28. Phase Changes: From  To Term Solid LiquidLiquification / Melting LiquidSolidSolidification / Freezing LiquidGas/VaporEvaporation Gas/VaporLiquidCondensation SolidGasSublimation GasSolidDeposition / Crystallization

29. Temperature Scales (3 Most Common) FahrenheitCelsius Kelvin H 2 O Boil Point 212 o 100 o 373 o Freeze Point 32 0 273 Absolute Zero -465 -2730

30. Converting Temperatures – o C = ( o F - 32) x.566 – o F = ( o C + 32) x 1.8 – o K = o C + 273

32. Classifying Matter Baryonic Matter (Observable Matter – 20% Universe) SubstancesMixtures ElementCompound Heterogeneous Homogeneous -On Periodic-2+ elements -Separable by -Includes: Table-Molecules filtering, distillingColloids and -Pure Form-Proportional or crystalizingSolutions -Single group make up -Suspension-Non-separable of Atoms -Emulsion

33. Matter Concepts: Element – The pure form of a substance – Found on the periodic table – Can be in any of the phases mentioned! Compound – A combination of 2 or more elements – Combination is in a ratio or proportional – Basically – a molecule

34. Mixtures – 2 or more elements or compounds mixed together – Heterogeneous – a mixture that can be easily separated through filtration, distillation or crystallization – Suspension – a temporary mixture where the particles separate out on their own (like dirt in water) – Emulsion – a suspension of two liquids – will separate (mayonnaise)

35. – Homogeneous Mixture – non-separable, remain mixed completely and equally – Includes Colloids – a solution with large particles dissolved in it, like milk or paint – Includes Solutions – a solution is made up of the solute (what is dissolved) and the solvent (what the solute is dissolved in) Example: Salt Water  Salt is the Solute and water is the solvent

36. Chemical and Physical Properties PhysicalChemical Does not change with phaseMay change in a reaction Density, MassAtomic Structure Boiling/Freezing PointsFlammability ColorOxidation HardnessReactivity Odor, TasteBonding TextureRadioactivity Mallibility Ductile

37. Pressure – and CONVERSIONS! Pressure – At sea level: 1 atmosphere (atm) = 14.7 psi = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101 325 Pascals (Pa) = 101 325 N/m 2 = 10.1325 kPa = 10.1325 N/cm 2 = 1.01325 bars *For every 33 feet underwater – add another atm of pressure *STP is standard temperature and pressure and equals 1 atm and 0 o C

38. The End....... Next up  Atoms in Detail and the Periodic Table!