1. Ancient Chinese Technology and Art: Terra Cotta Army National Council for Social Studies National Conference in Kansas City November 19,2005

2. The Terra Cotta Army of Emperor Qin Shi-Huangdi Founder of the Qin dynasty 221-206 BCE. X’ian, China

4. Most students know about 2 things from China. The Great Wall and the Terra Cotta Army. They are fascinated by both because of the scale of each. X’ian, where the army is located, means western capital. It was the starting point for the Silk Roads.

5. Pit Number One

6. In 1974, several farmers digging a well found the Terra Cotta Army in their field. They called in local authorities to examine the pieces they had uncovered. As they dug into this field, the archaeologists uncovered the army.They found 3 pits, each with different soldiers in them.

7. This is the well which 3 farmers were digging when they found the army in 1974

8. The farmers who found the site in 1974, were paid about $500 for their land by the government. Today,they work signing autographs for tourists who visit it and are paid a salary by the Chinese government.

9. There are 3 large pits at this site. Pit 1 covers an area of 16,000 square meters. It is covered in a huge dome. Pit 2 covers an area of 7,100 square meters and includes bronze chariots. Pit 3 covers an area of 4,282 square meters and is the least excavated.

11. Horses in Pit 2

12. Ramps to get the soldiers in.

13. A group of ceremonial guards

14. How long would it have taken to create over 7,000 separate soldiers out of clay ? What fuel would have been needed to fire these clay figures to make them into terra cotta ?

15. Pit # 1 contains over 6,ooo soldiers

16. Putting the army back together

17. The army being reassembled

18. Tera cotta is a hard semifired waterproof ceramic clay. When the warriors were first found, they were brightly painted. Since that time, the paint has been slowly disappearing. Archaeologists do not understand exactly what is causing the damage.

19. The bundles are missing pieces

20. When archaeologists work at putting the soldiers back together, they find potential pieces and create a bundle of them for each one. Then the workers searches for the location of a specific piece. If they find ONE PIECE in a day, they are very happy. Putting this gigantic puzzle back together will be the life’s work of many archaeologists.

21. Individual Faces

22. Every soldier has a unique face so the potters making them were probably modeling each one after a specific person. What can we learn 2200 years later about China at this time from these figures?

23. An enlisted man

24. An offficer and his horse

25. Clothing and hairstyles show us the class differences which existed in this army. An officer has a topknot

26. An archer without his bow

27. Seeing the army

28. Moustaches Archaeologists have found 24 different types of moustaches on the soldiers faces. They show the range of social classes which the army came from. Individual differences could indicate social status or simply personal preference.

29. Another view

30. Archaeologists believe that each figure would have been fired at approximately 100 C in a kiln for a week. The figures were broken when wooden roof beams collapsed on top of them after a fire in antiquity.

31. Officers in the front in battle formation

32. This is how the army was found. It had been broken into many small pieces.

33. Another view

34. Cavalry troops

35. Hairstyles show these were regular army

36. Armies under repair

37. Since few weapons of any kind were found with the soldiers, it is probable that they were stolen in the past so they could be used.

38. A Ming era tomb on top of warriors

39. Headless soldiers

40. Pit Number Three

41. The canvas covered areas are protecting soldiers from whatever environmental damage is degrading their paint.

42. Continuing work here

43. A cavalry officer with his horse

44. A huge army being reassembled.

45. The Terra Cotta Army was created in the neighboring mountains. Chinese archaeologists have found the kilns used to bake the statues. For the army, individual soldiers can be used to identify the area they came from through clothing design.

46. What does this army tell us about how much political and military control the emperor had in his kingdom ?

47. Bronze Chariot with umbrella

48. Since bronze was expensive, the horses and chariot are smaller than life size. This chariot was recently shown in the movie “ Hero”. It brought the main character to a visit with Qin Shi Huangdi.

49. Horses Bridle

50. Silver and gold bridle

51. In 1987, the Terra Cotta Army was placed on the list of World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. The site has been visited by approximately 40 million people in 20 years. It welcomes 1,500,000 visitors a year.

52. Chinese archaeologists know the location of Shi Huangdi’s tomb. They are waiting to open it, in hopes that future technology will allow more information to be discovered once it is opened.It also is supposed to have MANY unpleasant surprises inside.