1. Phylogeny
(7)  Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected to:
(A)  analyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry among groups is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies, including anatomical, molecular, and developmental;

2. Phylogeny Phylogeny is the study of evolutionary relationships.
Organisms are grouped together based on evolutionary classifications.
Evolutionary relationships show a common ancestor based on fossil records, biogeography and homologies.
What animal is related to the modern elephant?

3. Phylogeny - Fossils Common ancestry through the fossil record-
Look at the example of horse fossil record:
Early horses were smaller
Early horses had 4 toes and a padded foot
Early horses’ teeth were specialized for eating soft vegetation (not grass)
Based on this data the common ancestor of the horse was different in what ways?

4. Phylogeny - Fossils By studying the fossil record scientists can:
Determine homologies (similarities from common ancestors)
Date the fossil / organism
Determine when extinction of the species occurred
Based on the fossils what was here first?
OCEAN OR FOREST

5. Phylogeny - Biogeography
Common ancestry through biogeography-
Recall that biogeography is study of:
where organisms lived;
how many organisms lived there; and
why they lived there.

6. Phylogeny - Biogeography
Biogeographically, the world can be divided into these 6 biomes:
Nearctic
Neotropics
Palaearctic
Afrotropics
Oriental
Australasia

7. Phylogeny - Biogeography
Each biome has unique plants and animals.
Very few species are seen in different biomes.
Let’s look at a few examples:

8. Phylogeny - Biogeography
Nearctic:
Can you name these unique animals?
____________
2. ____________
CANADA GEESE
PRAIRIE DOGS

9. Phylogeny - Biogeography
Where are these organisms from?
Nearctic
Neotropics
Palaearctic
Afrotropics
Oriental
Australasia

10. Phylogeny - Homologies
Homologous traits are derived from a common ancestor.
Analogous traits are similar but evolved separately (not from a common ancestor).
What are the 3 types of homologies?
Anatomical
Molecular
Developmental

11. Phylogeny – Anatomical Homologies
Anatomical homologies include an organism’s anatomy and physiology.
Anatomy is the internal and external structure of an organisms
Physiology is the function and activities of the organism, physically and chemically.

12. Phylogeny – Anatomical Homologies
Sort the words into the correct column:
Anatomy
Physiology
Cellular Respiration
Arm
Heart
Homeostasis

13. Phylogeny – Molecular Homologies
DNA
DNA is transcribed into
RNA
RNA is translated into
Amino Acids
Amino acids with peptide bonds make
4. Proteins

14. Phylogeny – Molecular Homologies
TURN AND TALK – READ, PICK ANSWER, ASK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Based on this table, which organism would be classified most closely related to humans? A. Lamprey B. Dog C. Frog D. Macaque

15. Phylogeny - Homologies - Developmental
Developmental Homologies study embryos.
Which of these is an embryo? D
EMBRYO E
ZYGOTES
FETUS

16. Phylogeny – Developmental Homologies
Based on these Embryo pictures, which organism is most closely related to humans?

17. Phylogeny Review
Based on the 3 evidences of evolution, scientists can make evolutionary maps called cladograms.
What are the 3 evidences of evolution?
Fossils
Biogeography
Homologies (MAD)

18. Phylogeny - Cladograms
By studying fossils, biogeography and homologies, scientist made this cladogram.
Which organism is least like the others?
Notice the “derived characters”

19. Review Questions
22 Fossil records can be studied to determine how organisms change through time. Which of the following methods for studying organisms could least likely be accomplished by studying the fossil record? F Comparing sleep patterns of organisms G Dating organisms by the relative order of their fossils H Comparing homologous structures of organisms J Determining when extinction of species occurred

20. Review Questions
31 Some snake embryos have small buds resembling limbs. These buds disappear at later stages of embryo development. These findings suggest that these snakes — A had a parent with limbs B have functional limbs as adults C will have offspring with limbs D evolved from an ancestor that had limbs

21. Review Questions
Based on this cladogram, humans are most closely related to?

22. Phylogeny
ANY QUESTIONS
Answer the Analysis part of your notes.