1. Electric Vehicles in Japan
Akihisa Sono
Research Associate
JEPIC
Japan Electric Power Information Center, Inc.
Good morning, this is Akihisa Sono at Japan Electric Power Information Center, JEPIC. Thank you very much for your time for hearing my presentation. Today, I would like to introduce the situation of electric vehicles in Japan. Let me start my presentation now.
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2. Content Overview of JEPIC Electric Power Industry in Japan
Electric Vehicles in Japan
My presentation has three parts. First, let me explain the overview of JEPIC and the electric power industry in Japan in brief. Then let me introduce the situation of EVs in Japan.
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3. Overview of JEPIC The overview of JEPIC
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4. Overview of ＪＥＰＩＣ Establishment Characteristics Member Companies
1958
Characteristics
Non-profit Association
Member Companies
10 EPCOs, J-Power, Japan Atomic Power Company
Offices
Tokyo (Headquarters)
Washington, D.C. / Paris / Beijing
Staff
About 100 staff members
(Including those temporarily transferred from the member companies)
Foreign Electric Industry
Exchange & Cooperative Program
Research and Information activities
JEPIC is a non-profit association established by the power utilities in Japan. We have around 100 staffs including those temporarily transferred from the member companies and I myself is seconded from Tokyo Electric Power Company, TEPCO the largest utility in Japan. JEPIC is involved in many activities as shown in the presentation. I myself is a researcher and so I am researching on the various topics of foreign electric industries.
Publications
International Cooperation
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5. Electric Power Industry in Japan
Next, let me talk a little about Electric Power Industry in Japan.
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6. Demand and Supply
The demand and supply in Japan are shown on this sheet. I can say that about 70% is thermal power, 20% is nuclear, 10% is hydro power, and only less than 1% is renewable.
FY 2007
FY 2007
Source: JEPIC
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7. Electric Power Industry System
Wholesale Electric Utilities & Suppliers
Other Utilities
PPS
Special Electric Utilities
Self- Generators
Vertically Integrated Utilities
Generation
Wholesale Power Exchange (Unregulated and Private)
Other Utilities
PPSs
Network
Wheeling Service
Regarding the liberalization of market, not likely to EU countries, customers who have a supply contract of greater than or equal to 50KWs are the only liberalized market in Japan. So, the low voltage electricity users like household users must be supplied with their power from the incumbent power companies which are vertically integrated.
Customers in specified service area
Customers with Contract Demand <50kW
Customers with Contract Demand ≧50KW
Retail
Self-consumption
Regulated Market
Liberalized Market
Source: JEPIC
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8. Electric Vehicles in Japan
1. General Information
2. Activities for Promoting EVs
3. Commercialization
Now, let me talk about the electric vehicles in Japan.
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9. The Number of EVs Issues on Promoting EVs Present Incentives
1. General Information
The Number of EVs
Issues on Promoting EVs
Present Incentives
Let me start with the general information of EVs in Japan
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10. The Number of EVs
In this presentation, BEV stands for 100% battery powered electric vehicle. BEV can be divided into two categories. Regular BEV is normal four wheel vehicle. Other BEV is Scooters or Golf Carts. And HEV stands for Hybrid electric vehicle. The total number of all kind of EVs with right axis has been growing constantly but that because only HEVs are growing rapidly. The number of regular BEVs is even decreasing and there are only around 400 regular BEVs as of year 2007.
Source: JARI
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11. Issues on Promoting EVs
The past poor achievement gives EVs the image of being tricky to use
Insufficiency of battery capacity
The distance EVs could run was shorter than the distance written in the catalog
High cost for battery exchange
Present issues
Still very high initial cost
Scarce installation of the infrastructure
Let me introduce the general issues on promoting EVs. We used to promote EVs in the past, but the poor achievement in the past gives EVs the image of being tricky to use right now. The elements are: insufficiency of battery capacity, the actual per charge distance capacity was shorter than catalog data, and the high cost for battery exchange, etc. Also, there are concerns of the still very high initial cost and scarce installation of the infrastructure.
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12. Present Incentives Government Municipalities
Subsidies to purchasers of EVs and installation of battery chargers (half of the difference in price)
Tax breaks on acquisition tax and circulation tax of EVs and fixed asset tax of battery chargers
Municipalities
Additional subsidies and tax breaks
Exemption or reduction at road tolls and parking fares
The government gives subsidies to purchasers of EVs and installation of battery chargers. In this scheme, the EV purchaser gets a half of the difference in price between EVs and the base fuel car. The government also gives tax breaks on acquisition tax and circulation tax of EVs and fixed asset tax of battery chargers. Some municipalities add some more subsidies and tax breaks on the governmental aid. Some also give EVs an exemption or price reduction at road tolls and parking fares.
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13. 2. Activities for Promoting EVs
Energy Policy related to EVs
Activities of Government
Activities of Municipalities
Activities of Electric Utilities
Now, let me explain the energy policy and the various activities in Japan
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14. Energy Policy related to EVs
The New National Energy Strategy (METI, May 2006)
Reduction in the dependence on fossil fuels in transport sector (98% in 2000 to 80% in 2030)
Initiative for Next Generation Vehicles and Fuels （METI, May 2007）
Aiming for the cost of a battery to be 1/2 by 2010, cost 1/7 & capacity 1.5 times greater by 2015 compared with the present battery
The Action Plan for achieving a Low-Carbon Society (Cabinet, July 2008)
Aiming for half of cars sold to be next-generation vehicles by 2020
Cool Earth - Innovative Energy Technology Program (METI March 2008)
Promoting the technology of FC vehicles, EV, and PHEV and the batteries.
The Japanese government promotes EVs for the reason of securing energy security and as a countermeasure against the climate change issues. They made several policies shown in this slide.
The main targets are:
/Reduction in the dependence on fossil fuel in transport sector to 80% in 2030
/Reduction on the cost of battery and increase of its capacity
/Aiming for half of cars sold to be next-generation vehicles by 2020
/Promoting the technology of EV and battery
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15. Activities of Government
Framework for EV/pHV Town (METI, August 2008)
Concentrated subsidies and assistance to the municipalities selected to initiate the promotion of EVs from small areas firstly
Creation of initial demand, installation of battery chargers, educating the public, checking and reviewing the framework
8 Municipalities are selected on the end of March, 2009
E.g. plan of Tokyo Metropolitan
Promoting 15,000 EVs in 5 years, large amount of normal chargers, 80 fast chargers.
introducing car sharing and subsidy and discount on fares
Field Test Project for EVs (MOE, December 2008)
Large scale field test starts in FY 2009
Participant: 5 Automakers, 6 Municipalities, 2 Large companies with a fleet of cars
50 EVs would be tested in this project
There are two activities of the government. One is Framework for EV/pHV Town initiated by METI in August 2008.
This project has started with the concept to promote the EVs in a small urban area firstly by creating the initial demand of EVs, installing battery chargers, showing EVs to the public as well as checking and reviewing the framework.
Municipalities applies to this project and 8 are selected in the end of March this year.
For example, the plan of Tokyo Metropolitan is to promote 15,000 EVs in 5 years, to install large amount of normal chargers and 80 fast chargers. Also, Tokyo plans to introduce car sharing and subsidy and discount on fares.
The other project is initiated by Ministry of Environment in December 2008 and it is field test.
It is planned to start in 2009 Fiscal Year, and the participants are 5 automakers, 6 municipalities and 2 large companies with a fleet of cars.
50 EVs would be tested in this project.
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16. Activities of Municipalities
E.g City of Yokohama
YOKOHAMA Mobility “Project Zero”
MoU signed with Nissan in March 2009
The project started since Yokohama had been selected as an Eco-Model City by the government, under the policy of promoting a low-emission society
Main Scope of the projects are not only for promotion of EVs, but the total solution for city transport.
Promote Eco-Drive and reduce traffic congestion
Promote EVs by Building infrastructure and Subsidies
Idea of “public private partnership”
Nissan, Tokyo University, and any other firms are welcomed
Benefit for Yokohama
Provide clean environment for citizens
Value of environment leads to investment in Yokohama
There are several activities of municipalities.
For example, the City of Yokohama, which is in Kanagawa Prefecture that is next to Tokyo Metropolitan, has initiated Yokohama mobility “Project Zero”.
The project started since City of Yokohama had been selected as an Eco-Model City by the government and so this project is not only for promotion of EVs, but also for the total solution for city transport. This is brings benefit to Yokohama city with clean environment for citizens and value of environment leads to investment in Yokohama.
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17. Activities of Electric Utilities
Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan (FEPC)
Set a target of 10 EPCOs to introducing 10,000 EVs to their commercial vehicles by 2020(Half of their vehicles)
Individual Utilities
Operating field tests
Development of battery chargers
Electric utilities are also promoting EVs.
Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan (FEPC), which is the association of Japanese utilities sat a target of 10 EPCOs to introducing 10,000 EVs to their commercial vehicles by 2020(Half of their vehicles).
And individual utilities operate field tests and develop battery chargers.
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18. Activities of TEPCO
Collaborative development of EVs with Fuji Heavy Industry Ltd. and Mitsubishi (R1e and iMieV)
Operation of field tests in its branch offices
Development of fast battery chargers
Assist and take part in the activities of municipalities
Now, let me introduce the activities of TEPCO as an example.
TEPCO involved developing EVs together with Fuji Heavy Industry Ltd. and Mitsubishi (R1e and iMieV).
And operates field tests in its branch offices and developed fast battery chargers.
Also, TEPCO assists and takes part in the activities of municipalities.
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19. Developed Fast Charger
Type: Switching type, constant current power supply
- Input: 3-phase 200V
- Maximum DC output power: 50kW
- Maximum DC output voltage: 500V
- Maximum DC output current: 100A
Vehicle
(master)
Communicate to recharge
Permission signal
Current value
Operating status
Quick charger
(slave)
The specification of TEPCO’s fast charger is showed in this presentation.
Input is 3-phase 200V and the maximum DC output power is up to 50kW.
The charger supplies DC current following continuous demand from EV battery unit.
ECU
3-phase
200V AC
Battery
DC current
Conductive connector
Source: TEPCO
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20. Vehicle Specifications Commercialization Schedule
Now, let me explain the commercialization in Japan
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21. Vehicle Specifications (BEV)
Name
iMiEV
Stella
Manufacturer
Mitsubishi Motors Corp.
Fuji Heavy Industry Ltd.
Length-Width-Height
3,395-1,475-1,600 (mm)
3,395-1,475-1,660 (mm)
Weight
1,080 kg
1,010 kg
Passengers 4
Max. Power
47 kW
Max. Speed
130 km/h
100 km/h
Cruising Range
160 km
80 km
Type of Battery
Li-ion
Battery Capacity
16 kWh
9 kWh
Time to Recharge Normal AC100/200
Fast Charger
Normal 14h / 7h
Fast 15min (Up to 50% SOC)
30min (Up to 80% SOC)
Normal 8h / 6h
Fast 15min(Up to 80% SOC)
other
Prototype, Based on R1e
The developed EVs are shown in this slide.
The maximum speed is 100 to 130 km per hour, and the cruising range is up to 160 km.
They are equipped with Lithium ion.
Source: the automakers respectively
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22. Commercialization Schedule
Type
Automakers
FY 2009
FY 2010
FY 2011 & after
BEV
Mitsubishi Motors Corp.
July, 2009
(2,000 EVs)
Fuji Heavy Industry Ltd.
(170 EVs)
Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
In FY2010
Toyota Motor Corporation
In 2012
PHEV
End of 2009
A Large amount of commercialized EVs is going to be sold in this year as a first time.
Mitsubishi and Subaru announced that they will sell EVs from July 2009, and the number of EVs going to be sold are 2,000 and 170 respectively.
It is said that most of the EVs are reserved to be sold to the large companies with a fleet of cars.
Regarding PHEV, Toyota may start to sell them in the end of this year.
As a conclusion of my presentation, though the environment for promoting EVs are not enough arranged at this moment, we as Japanese have prepared as much as we could, so I believe the introduction of commercialized EVs would be successful. I think it would be very interesting for you to know what it might be and so please keep your eyes on the situation of Japan.
Source: press releases
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23. Thank you
In closing, I would like to thank you all for listening so attentively. Thank you very much.
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