1. Source: Susan M. Pojer, pptpalooza.net

2. Taken from http://www.geographyiq.com/pic/meast.gif http://www.geographyiq.com/pic/meast.gif

3. Jews claimed Israel more than 3,000 years agoJews claimed Israel more than 3,000 years ago Muslims & Christians (Palestinians) believed the land belonged to them since the Jews were driven out in 135 ADMuslims & Christians (Palestinians) believed the land belonged to them since the Jews were driven out in 135 AD Arabs believed the land belonged to them since they had conquered the area in the 7th centuryArabs believed the land belonged to them since they had conquered the area in the 7th century Claims to the Holy Land

4. Maps of Arab countries (green) and Israel (red).

5. Setting the Stage DiasporaDiaspora Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism Zionism = Jewish/Israeli nationalismZionism = Jewish/Israeli nationalism –Theodore Herzl – “The Jewish State”

6. Palestine & WWI Palestine ruled by Muslim Turks of the Ottoman Empire before WWIPalestine ruled by Muslim Turks of the Ottoman Empire before WWI Turks defeated by Allied PowersTurks defeated by Allied Powers –Britain given control over Palestine (Israel, West Bank, Gaza, Jordan) –Governed as a mandate – permission to rule would end on May 15, 1948

7. Sykes-Picot Agreement British & French spheres of influence in the Middle EastBritish & French spheres of influence in the Middle East

9. McMahon Agreement The McMahon-Hussein Agreement of October 1915 was accepted by Palestinians as a promise by the British that after World War One, land previously held by the Turks would be returned to the Arab nationals who lived in that land.

10. British Foreign Secretary Sir Arthur Balfour promoted the idea of creating a Jewish stateBritish Foreign Secretary Sir Arthur Balfour promoted the idea of creating a Jewish state Despite this Balfour Declaration, the efforts to create a Jewish state failed,Despite this Balfour Declaration, the efforts to create a Jewish state failed, Hostility between Palestinians and Jews grewHostility between Palestinians and Jews grew The Balfour Declaration, 1917

11. Tensions Grow Both Jews & Arabs were upset with BritishBoth Jews & Arabs were upset with British –Attacks Conflict over JerusalemConflict over Jerusalem –Population of Jews doubled –Threatened Arabs in the region –Violence erupted in 1929, 1936, etc.

12. After WWII, the United Nations General Assembly voted for a partition of Palestine into a Palestinian state and a Jewish stateAfter WWII, the United Nations General Assembly voted for a partition of Palestine into a Palestinian state and a Jewish state Partition voted down – but mandate ends May 15 th !!!Partition voted down – but mandate ends May 15 th !!! On May 14. 1948, Jewish leader David Ben Gurion announced the creation of an independent IsraelOn May 14. 1948, Jewish leader David Ben Gurion announced the creation of an independent Israel An Independent Israel

13. David Ben-Gurion declares Israel’s Independence May 14, 1948 Israel was quickly recognised by the USA and Russia. They were powerful, and rich, friends.

14. Israel Post- WWII: 1947 & 1949

15. May 15, 1948, six Islamic states (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, & Syria) invaded IsraelMay 15, 1948, six Islamic states (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, & Syria) invaded Israel First Arab-Israeli War

16. 1948 Arab Invasion plans of Israel ( in red.) From Lebanon and Syria From Transjordan and Iraq From Egypt

17. Israeli Defense Force (IDF) Ben Gurion combined all of Israel’s forces together, Zionist or notBen Gurion combined all of Israel’s forces together, Zionist or not –Arab forces were dispersed, disunified Israeli’s had knowledge from assisting Brits in WWIIIsraeli’s had knowledge from assisting Brits in WWII

18. Results of first Arab- Israeli War, 1948-49? Israel expanded by 25%Israel expanded by 25% Jordan received E. Jerusalem & West BankJordan received E. Jerusalem & West Bank Egyptians received Gaza stripEgyptians received Gaza strip Other Arab forces pushed backOther Arab forces pushed back UN declared cease-fire on the “Green Line”UN declared cease-fire on the “Green Line” Israel signed armistices w/Arab statesIsrael signed armistices w/Arab states Israel ‘West Bank’-Jordanian Gaza Strip-Egyptian

19. Palestinian Arab refugees. The seeds of years of future discontent ?

20. 1967, Egypt’s leader Gamal Abdul Nasser and Arab allies (including Soviet assistance) were prepared to confront Israel1967, Egypt’s leader Gamal Abdul Nasser and Arab allies (including Soviet assistance) were prepared to confront Israel Sensing attack, Israelis struck airfields, in Egypt, Iran, Jordan, & SyriaSensing attack, Israelis struck airfields, in Egypt, Iran, Jordan, & Syria Israel defeated the Arab states in this Six-Day War, and gained control of Jerusalem, the Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, and the West BankIsrael defeated the Arab states in this Six-Day War, and gained control of Jerusalem, the Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, and the West Bank Six-Day War, 1967

21. In 1956, Egypt, under President Nasser, seized control of the Suez Canal from the BritishIn 1956, Egypt, under President Nasser, seized control of the Suez Canal from the British Suez Crisis Gamal Abdul Nasser, President of Egypt

22. In October 1973, Nasser’s successor, President Anwar Sadat of Egypt, launched a surprise attack on Israel on Yom Kippur, one of the holiest Jewish holidaysIn October 1973, Nasser’s successor, President Anwar Sadat of Egypt, launched a surprise attack on Israel on Yom Kippur, one of the holiest Jewish holidays Coalition w/SyriaCoalition w/Syria Israelis counterattacked and regained lost territoryIsraelis counterattacked and regained lost territory After several weeks, both sides agreed to a truceAfter several weeks, both sides agreed to a truce The Yom Kippur War

23. In 1964, Palestinian officials formed the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to push for the formation of a Palestinian stateIn 1964, Palestinian officials formed the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to push for the formation of a Palestinian state Guerrilla groups dominate organizationGuerrilla groups dominate organization In 1969, Yasir Arafat, became chairman of the PLO & led several attacks against IsraelIn 1969, Yasir Arafat, became chairman of the PLO & led several attacks against Israel Neighboring Arab countries allowed the PLO to operate from their landsNeighboring Arab countries allowed the PLO to operate from their lands In November 1977, Anwar Sadat offered peace to Israel in exchange for the rights of PalestiniansIn November 1977, Anwar Sadat offered peace to Israel in exchange for the rights of Palestinians Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Yasir Arafat

24. Pres. Jimmy Carter invitedPres. Jimmy Carter invited –Egypt’s Pres. Sadat –Israeli Prime Minister  to Camp David (presidential retreat in rural MD) 13 days of negotiations13 days of negotiations –Egypt recognized Israel as legitimate state –Israel agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt The 1979 Camp David Accords ended 30 years of hostilities between Egypt and Israel (first ever signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country)The 1979 Camp David Accords ended 30 years of hostilities between Egypt and Israel (first ever signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country) Camp David Accords (1979)

25. President President Prime Minister Anwar Sadat Jimmy Carter Menachem Begin of Egypt of the U. S. Of Israel

26. Camp David Accords (1979)

27. Sadat’s peace initiative angered many Arab countriesSadat’s peace initiative angered many Arab countries In 1981, a group of Muslim extremists assassinated himIn 1981, a group of Muslim extremists assassinated him Egypt’s new leader, Hosni Mubarak, also worked to maintain peace w/IsraelEgypt’s new leader, Hosni Mubarak, also worked to maintain peace w/Israel –However, we know what later happens to Mubarak… Sadat’s Assassination

28. Founded in 1987Founded in 1987 Islamic Sunni’sIslamic Sunni’s Gaza StripGaza Strip Goal = Palestinian liberation from IsraelGoal = Palestinian liberation from Israel Hamas Hezbollah LebanonLebanon Shi’ite Islamic groupShi’ite Islamic group Support from Syria & IranSupport from Syria & Iran Goal = destruction of IsraelGoal = destruction of Israel

29. Palestinians continued to clash with the IsraelisPalestinians continued to clash with the Israelis Fighting intensified between the PLO and IsraelFighting intensified between the PLO and Israel In 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon to destroy Palestinian strongholds, but later withdrew to avoid involvement in Lebanon’s civil warIn 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon to destroy Palestinian strongholds, but later withdrew to avoid involvement in Lebanon’s civil war Fighting in Lebanon

30. In 1987, Palestinians began a widespread campaign of civil disobedience known as the intifada, or “uprising”, which continued until the 1990sIn 1987, Palestinians began a widespread campaign of civil disobedience known as the intifada, or “uprising”, which continued until the 1990s The intifada put pressure on the Israelis to seek negotiations with PalestineThe intifada put pressure on the Israelis to seek negotiations with Palestine October 1991, Israeli & Palestinian delegates met for a series of peace talksOctober 1991, Israeli & Palestinian delegates met for a series of peace talks Intifada

31. Secret talks in Oslo, Norway produced the Declaration of Principles, known as the Oslo Peace Accords of 1993Secret talks in Oslo, Norway produced the Declaration of Principles, known as the Oslo Peace Accords of 1993 Israel, under Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, gave Palestinians self-rule in the Gaza strip and West Bank, beginning with JerichoIsrael, under Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, gave Palestinians self-rule in the Gaza strip and West Bank, beginning with Jericho Rabin was assassinated in 1995 by a right-wing Jewish extremistRabin was assassinated in 1995 by a right-wing Jewish extremist New Israeli P.M., Benjamin Netanyahu, had opposed the Oslo Accords, but in 1997 met with Arafat to work out partial Israeli withdrawal from the West BankNew Israeli P.M., Benjamin Netanyahu, had opposed the Oslo Accords, but in 1997 met with Arafat to work out partial Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank Oslo Peace Accords (1993)

32. In 1999, Ehud Barak was elected PM of IsraelIn 1999, Ehud Barak was elected PM of Israel U.S. President Bill Clinton hosted 15-day summit in 2000 at Camp David between Ehud Barak & Yasir Arafat, but no compromise was reachedU.S. President Bill Clinton hosted 15-day summit in 2000 at Camp David between Ehud Barak & Yasir Arafat, but no compromise was reached In later months, Ariel Sharon, an Israeli political leader, visited the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, a Jewish holy placeIn later months, Ariel Sharon, an Israeli political leader, visited the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, a Jewish holy place The Temple Mount is also the location of the Dome of the Rock, one of the holy places of the MuslimsThe Temple Mount is also the location of the Dome of the Rock, one of the holy places of the Muslims Riots broke out and a second intifada was launchedRiots broke out and a second intifada was launched More Peace Talks, 1999- 2000

33. Palestinian militant groups began using suicide bombers, attacking Jewish settlements and civilian locationsPalestinian militant groups began using suicide bombers, attacking Jewish settlements and civilian locations In response, Israeli forces moved into Palestinian refugee camps, destroying buildings, towns, and campsIn response, Israeli forces moved into Palestinian refugee camps, destroying buildings, towns, and camps The Israeli army also bombed Arafat’s headquartersThe Israeli army also bombed Arafat’s headquarters In 2001, Ariel Sharon was elected Israeli Prime Minister & refused to negotiate with Palestinians until attacks stoppedIn 2001, Ariel Sharon was elected Israeli Prime Minister & refused to negotiate with Palestinians until attacks stopped The Second Intifada

34. In 2003, Palestinian leaders appointed first- ever prime minister Mahmoud AbbasIn 2003, Palestinian leaders appointed first- ever prime minister Mahmoud Abbas U.S. President George W. Bush brought Sharon and Abbas together at the Red Sea Summit to begin working on a new peace plan known as the “road map”U.S. President George W. Bush brought Sharon and Abbas together at the Red Sea Summit to begin working on a new peace plan known as the “road map” The Road Map

35. In January 2006, the Islamic militant group Hamas won a victory in the Palestinian parliamentary elections (76 of the 132 seats)In January 2006, the Islamic militant group Hamas won a victory in the Palestinian parliamentary elections (76 of the 132 seats) –ruling Fatah (PLO) party trailed with 43 seats U.S. and Israel under Interim P.M. Ehud Olmert refused to deal with HamasU.S. and Israel under Interim P.M. Ehud Olmert refused to deal with Hamas Hostilities Resume, 2006

36. Israel-Gaza conflict emerged in the summer of 2006 between Hamas and Israeli forcesIsrael-Gaza conflict emerged in the summer of 2006 between Hamas and Israeli forces Israel also began a struggle with Hezbollah in LebanonIsrael also began a struggle with Hezbollah in Lebanon In mid-2007, Palestine entered into a civil conflict between Hamas and Fatah partiesIn mid-2007, Palestine entered into a civil conflict between Hamas and Fatah parties In June 2008, Hamas and Israel agreed to a cease- fireIn June 2008, Hamas and Israel agreed to a cease- fire Attacks continuedAttacks continued Hostilities Continue

37. More recently… Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu spoke to CongressIsraeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu spoke to Congress Pres. Obama has urged Israeli to return to its 1967 bordersPres. Obama has urged Israeli to return to its 1967 borders Netanyahu turned down suggestionNetanyahu turned down suggestion

38. November 2012November 2012 –Hamas rocket & missile launches –Israeli military, authorized by Netanyahu, launches “Operation Pillar of Defense” –Israeli Defense Force Israel’s Iron Dome rocket defense systemIsrael’s Iron Dome rocket defense system –Killed Hamas military leader, Ahmed al-Jabari –Hamas considers this to be declaration of war Continued Hamas rocket & missile attacksContinued Hamas rocket & missile attacks –Backed by Muslim Brotherhood Nov. 21 st – CeasefireNov. 21 st – Ceasefire Just This Fall…

39. Palestine upgraded to non-member observer status in the United NationsPalestine upgraded to non-member observer status in the United Nations Just This Fall…