1. Wabanaki Histories By David Perley

2. David Perley, Tobique First Nation Wabanaki Histories Timeline is circular rather than linear Timeline is circular rather than linear Center of attention are Wabanaki nations as they evolve through time Center of attention are Wabanaki nations as they evolve through time Analysis of Wabanaki histories require recognition of oral tradition as a valid and reliable source of information Analysis of Wabanaki histories require recognition of oral tradition as a valid and reliable source of information Traditional knowledge conveyed in oral tradition brings together the beginnings of a body of information that sheds light on history, culture, and traditions Traditional knowledge conveyed in oral tradition brings together the beginnings of a body of information that sheds light on history, culture, and traditions

3. David Perley, Tobique First Nation Wabanaki Histories History of Maine and Atlantic Canada is relatively recent compared to the history of Wabanaki nations History of Maine and Atlantic Canada is relatively recent compared to the history of Wabanaki nations Historical analysis of Wabanaki nations should include origins, Wabanaki civilizations flourishing, destruction and oppression of Wabanaki nations, and rebuilding of Wabanaki societies Historical analysis of Wabanaki nations should include origins, Wabanaki civilizations flourishing, destruction and oppression of Wabanaki nations, and rebuilding of Wabanaki societies

4. David Perley, Tobique First Nation “Maritime History” Archaeological Perspective Early Period Early Period 10,600 – 6,000 years ago Paleo-Indian Middle Period Middle Period 6,000 – 3,000 years ago Laurentian Maritime archaic Susquahanna

5. David Perley, Tobique First Nation “Maritime” History Archaeological Perspective Late Period Late Period 3,000 – 500 years ago Maritime Woodland Historic Period Historic Period Beginning 500 years ago Wabanaki people

6. David Perley, Tobique First Nation Origins Lost Tribes of Israel The bible mentions the twelve “tribes” of Israel The bible mentions the twelve “tribes” of Israel Europeans thought that Aboriginal people were descendents of the two lost “tribes” of Israel Europeans thought that Aboriginal people were descendents of the two lost “tribes” of Israel In particular, it was believed that the Mayas were one of the lost “tribes” In particular, it was believed that the Mayas were one of the lost “tribes”

7. David Perley, Tobique First Nation Origins Aboriginal People from Egypt Indigenous people in central and south America used to build huge temples and pyramids Indigenous people in central and south America used to build huge temples and pyramids Some of these pyramids look very much like the pyramids of Egypt Some of these pyramids look very much like the pyramids of Egypt Therefore, the Mayas, Incas, Aztecs, and other Indigenous people were thought to originate from Egypt Therefore, the Mayas, Incas, Aztecs, and other Indigenous people were thought to originate from Egypt

8. David Perley, Tobique First Nation Origins Jomon Theory Theory suggests that Aboriginal civilizations originated in Japan because the tops of pots from a certain location of Japan are similar to the tops made in a location of Peru

9. David Perley, Tobique First Nation Origins Bering Strait Theory Many anthropologists believe that human life first appeared in parts of eastern Africa Many anthropologists believe that human life first appeared in parts of eastern Africa They advanced the notion that people eventually migrated into other parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia They advanced the notion that people eventually migrated into other parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia

10. David Perley, Tobique First Nation Origins Bering Strait Theory Approximately 40,000 years ago, northeastern Asia and Alaska were connected by dry land Approximately 40,000 years ago, northeastern Asia and Alaska were connected by dry land Family groups of hunters began to travel by foot from Asia into Alaska Family groups of hunters began to travel by foot from Asia into Alaska

11. David Perley, Tobique First Nation Origins Theory of Independent Evolution Process of creation took millions of years to complete Process of creation took millions of years to complete Humans developed independently in a number of locations in Europe, Africa, Asia, and the “Americas” Humans developed independently in a number of locations in Europe, Africa, Asia, and the “Americas” Theory consistent with Medicine Wheel Teachings i.e. four colors of the human family Theory consistent with Medicine Wheel Teachings i.e. four colors of the human family

12. David Perley, Tobique First Nation Origins Creation Stories of Wabanaki People Mi’kmaq Creation Story Mi’kmaq Creation Story Wolastoq Creation Story Wolastoq Creation Story Penobscot Creation Story Penobscot Creation Story Passsamaquoddy Creation Story Passsamaquoddy Creation Story