1. Causes of Aridity in N. China Animation of Windstorm 1999 Movement dust front through central China on April 19, 1998 recorded by the visible and IR channels of the GMS-5 geostationary satellite.. White color means high clouds. Yellow represents low clouds, dust, smoke or haze. Click here 1 Aridity in Northern China

2. Dust Blowing of the Gobi Desert Aridity in Northern China 2 http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=37564

3. Causes of Aridity in N. China 1. Limited impact of the Ogasawara High beyond Yangtze Basin 2. Deflection of Kuroshio Current away from N. China Coast 3. Presence of Qinling (Tsingling) Mountains dividing N. China from Central 4. Drying influence of Siberian High in winter 3 Aridity in Northern China

4. 1. Ogasawara High Brings in Monsoon staring in Spring 4 Aridity in Northern China

5. Impact of Air Masses January – Siberian High -- Floods N. China with Dry Cold Air July – Osagawara High and mid-Indian Ocean -- Wet Warm limited penetration http://www.carleton.ca/~tpatters/teaching/ climatechange/change/change68.html Ogasawara Mid- Indian Siberian High 5 Aridity in Northern China

6. Space-based Measurements of Cloud Parameters for Improving the Accuracy of Predicting Global Warming and Understanding the Hydrological Cycle Monsoon clouds building in the East China Sea in April 2001 Remote image source: http://www.nasda.go.jp/lib/nasda-news/2001/10/eart_e.html Cloud Patterns Observed from Remote Sensing Satellites … Recently, NASDA’s Earth Observation Research Center (EORC) successfully mapped the distribution of physical parameters of clouds, as shown in Fig. 1, using MODIS data from the U.S. satellite Terra. The image was observed around noon on April 13, 2001, as the satellite passed over East China Sea. 6 Aridity in Northern China

7. 2. Kuroshio Current Main pathway for movement of moisture from the Ogasawara High 7 Aridity in Northern China

8. Deflection of Current Kuroshio Current Warm and Moist provides a track for movement of monsoon Deflected away from the Yellow Sea 8 Aridity in Northern China

9. 3. Qinling Mountains Divides Humid China into North and South regions 9 Aridity in Northern China

10. Presence of Qinling Mts. (Tsin Ling) Even though rather low near coast, effective barrier between moist Yangtze Basin and semi- arid Yellow Basin 10 Aridity in Northern China

11. 4. Drying influence of Siberian High Keeps winters dry 11 Aridity in Northern China

12. Impact of Siberian High January – Siberian High -- Floods N. China with Dry Cold Air http://www.carleton.ca/~tpatters/teaching/ climatechange/change/change68.html Siberian High 12 Aridity in Northern China

13. RESULTS Precipitation Volume Precipitation Variability Land use Pattern Dust storms 13 Aridity in Northern China

14. Result Clear North – South Divide of Precipitation Also East-West Divide 14 Aridity in Northern China

15. Result 2 -- Variability The lower the rainfall the greater the annual variability Variability is statistical measure of variance around the mean Average rainfall is what we always expect Variability indicates the range, how little might we get or how much Where is drought most likely??? 15 Aridity in Northern China The higher the number the more annual variation – numbers vary from 10 to 35

16. 2015 Aridity in Northern China 16 http://www.agweb.com/article/farm ers-in-china-wrestle-with-drought/

17. 2012 Aridity in Northern China 17 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4ki86NcDdI

18. Drought In China http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12609202 18 Aridity in Northern China

19. Interactive Historical Map http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2011/world/infographic-interactive-timeline-mapping-chinas-drought-ridden-provinces-since-2007/ http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2011/world/infographic-interactive-timeline-mapping-chinas-drought-ridden-provinces-since-2007/ Aridity in Northern China 19

20. Additional Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBGsxn_lvX4 20 Aridity in Northern China

21. Grasslands Click on map for interactive sight http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/LUC/ChinaFood/data/maps/lu_gras_bs.htm Source: Institute of Remote Sensing, China, Beijing 21 Aridity in Northern China

22. Agriculture Click on map for interactive sight http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/LUC/ChinaFood/data/maps/lu_cult_bs.htm Source: Institute of Remote Sensing China, Beijing 22 Aridity in Northern China

23. Forests Click on map for interactive site http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/LUC/ChinaFood/data/maps/lu_for_bs.htm Source: Institute of Remote Sensing, China, Beijing 23 Aridity in Northern China

24. Land Use: All Types Click on map for interactive site http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/LUC/ChinaFood/data/maps/lu_all_bs.htm Source: Institute of Remote Sensing, China, Beijing 24 Aridity in Northern China

25. Remote Sensing & Land-Use Changes AN ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYSTEM FOR CRITICAL AREAS IN NORTHWEST CHINA BASED ON REMOTE SENSING A Sino-Belgian Cooperation Project Source: http://www.geo.ucl.ac.be/Recherche/Teledetection/Projects/China1.html Abstract Due to the arid climate, water deficiency and soil erosion, the northwest region of China is confronted with several severe challenges, e.g., poverty, pollution and ecological degradation. Poorly planned exploitation of the natural resources and unreasonable land-use produce a further degradation of the terrestrial ecosystems. This Sino-Belgian cooperation project aims to monitor land-cover change in critical regions and design a monitoring system to meet the needs of the Chinese government "To Develop the Northwest". Test Sites: North Ningxia (Helan Mountains, Yinchuan Plain and part of Maowusu Sandy Land), Xinjiang ( Northern Tarim Basin ) and North Shaanxi (Part of Maowusu Sandy Land and Loess Plateau). North NingxiaXinjiang ( Northern Tarim Basin ) 25 Aridity in Northern China

26. Add Anthropogenic Aerosols SeaWiFS image of eastern China shows the widespread nature of the pollution problem. Beijing has completely disappeared under the haze. Add Anthropogenic Aerosols SeaWiFS image of eastern China shows the widespread nature of the pollution problem. Beijing has completely disappeared under the haze. 11-20-1999 Credit: Provided by the SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, and ORBIMAGESatellite:OrbVie w-2Sensor:SeaWiFSImage Date:11-20- 1999Copyright:All SeaWiFS images are for research and educational use only. All commercial use of SeaWiFS data must be coordinated with Orbimage (http://www.orbimage.com/ ).SeaWiFS Click on Picture to go to website and full sized image 26 Aridity in Northern China

27. http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/LUC/GIS/img/ch_wind.jpg 27 Aridity in Northern China

28. 5. Water Resources in China 28 Aridity in Northern China

29. http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/1999/107p251-256wu/wufig1B.GIF Grade 1 – Drinking Grade 2 – Bathing Grade 3 – Industry Grade 4 Irrigation Grade 5 –None of the above 29 Aridity in Northern China

30. Ma Jun’s new On-Line Water Pollution map  http://www.ipe.org.cn/english/index.jsp http://www.ipe.org.cn/english/index.jsp 30 Aridity in Northern China

31. http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/1999/107p251-256wu/wufig1B.GIF In 2000, the organic pollution was universal in the surface water of seven major river basins in China. 57.7% of the sections of the mainstream of various river basins met the water quality standard for Grade III. 21.6% met the standard for Grade IV and 6.9% that for Grade V. And 13.8% had the water quality worse than the standard for Grade V. The eutrophication of major lakes was an outstanding problem. http://www.zhb.gov.cn/english/SOE/soechina2000/english/water/water_maine.htm 31 Aridity in Northern China

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34.  Water Pollution Prevention and Control in Three Rivers and Three Lakes The second-phase targets for water pollution prevention and control in the Huai River and three lakes have been basically achieved. The first phase of the pollution control in the Hai River and the Liao River is starting. 38 municipal wastewater treatment plants have been or are being built in the Huai River Basin. The capacity of treatment of those plants built and under construction is 3.125 million tons/day, accounting for 86.0% of the capacity of the total planned plants. There are 53 municipal wastewater treatment plants built and under construction in the Tai Lake Basin. Five municipal wastewater treatment plants are under construction in the Dianchi Lake Basin. One of them is expanding its capacity of treatment and four of them are new plants. The water pollution control is comprehensively undertaken in Chao Lake. Water Pollution Prevention and Control in Three Rivers and Three Lakes Water Pollution Prevention and Control in Three Rivers and Three Lakes 34 Aridity in Northern China

35. Monday, November 28, 2005 Posted: 0459 GMT (1259 HKT) A woman balances a basin as she waits to fill it with water from a tanker truck in a street in Harbin.Image: RELATED Facts about benzene China's growth fuels environmental concerns Facts about benzene China's growth fuels environmental concernsFacts about benzeneChina's growth fuels environmental concernsFacts about benzeneChina's growth fuels environmental concerns WATCH Browse/SearchPollution imperils Chinese city's water supply (1:46) 35 Aridity in Northern China