1. The Relative Exposure of the Operating Room Staff to Sevoflurane During Intracerebral Surgery Anesth Analg 2009;109:1187-92

2. Background Volatile anesthetic on staff Since 1967 Chronic exposure Hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity Carcinogenesis Immunity Fertility Fetal development More likely to develop Headache Somatic and mental fatigue attention

3. Potential environment factors Mask induction Uncuffed tracheal tube Laryngeal mask …… Anesthetic from surgical field to the surgeon?

4. Neurosurgery The brain Blood perfusion Capillary network Fat content Sevoflurane Rapid accumulation in the brain Blood: gas partition coefficient=0.69 Marked escape from blood when circulation open

5. Questions? sevoflurane close to the craniotomy window (the surgeon ’ s breathing zone) remote site in the OR a correlation? sevoflurane near surgical site size of the cranitomy window

6. Methods Induction propofol 1-2.5mg/kg Maintenance Fentanly-rocuronium-sevoflurane Intubation Low pressure cuffed <30mmHg Monitoring

7. Fresh gas flow 2L/min Sevoflurane (0.7-2.3 V%) Air Scavenging system Air circulation 50m3/min

8. Sample collection (dura opening ~ closure ending) 35 patients Surgeon ’ s breathing zone Anesthesiologist ’ s breathing zone Farthest corner of OR 16 patients …… Within 5cm of the tracheal tube

10. Data analysis Chromatography ppm (one part per million) mean+ SD P<0.05

11. Results

12. Sevoflurane release at the patients ’ mouth

14. Sevoflurane exposure at different sites

16. Craniotomy window and sevoflurane release

17. As a function of tumor type TypeConcentration (ppm) n Meningiomas0.28+0.2017 gliomatous0.19+0.1920 metastatic0.20+0.079 others0.19+0.095

18. Others The ventilation system is good. Different concentrations at different sites For extended surgery Low concentration Nonsignificant correlation with sevoflurane OR door opening airflow air clearance

19. Conclusion Release of sevoflurane from the brain through the craniotomy window dose not pose an additional environment risk for the neurosurgeon. We should focus on improving the working condition for anesthesiologists. We should further explore reasons for sevoflurane escape adequate countermeasures

20. Effect of Volatile Anesthetics on Oxidative Stress Due to Occupational Exposure Method 30 anesthesia and surgery personnel inhalation anesthetics for 3 years 30 healthy volunteers no exposure at any time Result antioxidant activity and trace element levels Conclusion Antioxidant defense system was affected by free radical injury in those exposed to inhalation anesthetics chronically. So minimizing occupational exposure to volatile anesthetics Operating room personnel should also take antioxidant supplements. World Journal of Surgery, 2005,29(4):540-542

21. Who is exposed? Anesthesiologists Dentists Nurse anesthetists Operating-room nurses Operating-room technicians Other operating-room personnel Recovery-room nurses Other recovery-room personnel Surgeons

22. What are the health effects? High concentration Headache Irritability Fatigue Nausea Drowsiness Difficulties with judgement and coordination Liver and kidney disease

23. Low concentration chronically miscarriages genetic damage cancer miscarriages in spouses birth defects in offspring

24. Where most likely to be exposed? no automatic ventilation or scavenging systems systems are in poor condition recovery rooms where gases exhaled by recovering patients are not properly vented or scavenged

25. When leaks breathing circuit disconnection of the system gas seeps over the lip of mask or from endotracheal coupling During dental operations During induction of anesthesia

26. How to reduce? Inspect the anesthetic delivery system before each use as part of the daily machine checklist. Make sure the scavenging equipment is properly connected. Start the gas flow after the laryngeal mask or endotracheal tube is installed. Fill vaporizers under a ceiling-mounted hood with an active evacuation system. Fill vaporizers before or after the anesthetic procedure.

27. Make sure that uncuffed endotracheal tubes create a completely sealed airway. Use the lowest anesthetic gas flow rates possible Do not deliver anesthesia by open drop (dripping liquid, volatile anesthetic onto gauze). If a mask is used, make sure it fits the patient well. Eliminate residual gases through the scavenging system as much as possible before disconnecting a patient from a breathing system. Turn the gas off before turning off the breathing system.