Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive
Writing Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

Table of Contents Interpretive Narrative Nonfiction Narrative Fiction
Interpretive writing gives different perspectives or explanations on a piece of literature Narrative nonfiction writing tells a true-life story or a person or persons Narrative fiction writing presents characters in a conflict that is first developed and then resolved Expository writing examines a topic in detail in order to better understand it Persuasive writing present’s a writer’s idea or position and then provides evidence to support or prove it Narrative Nonfiction Narrative Fiction Expository Persuasive

Writing Interpretive

Five Easy Steps Prewriting Drafting Revising Editing Publish
Brainstorming possible topics Choosing topics Gathering details Organizing Drafting Introduction, body, and conclusion Revising Coherence Development of ideas Word choice Point of view Literary elements Editing Conventions Sentence structure Publish

Writing Traits 1. Focus and Coherence A. Clear purpose or thesis
B Connecting ideas throughout sentences and paragraphs 2. Organize A. Distinctive beginning, middle, and end 3. Development of Ideas A. Effective supporting details for thesis or purpose of the essay 5. Conventions A. Rules of grammar, sentence structure, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling 4. Voice A. Evident writer’s personality B. Appropriate language and tone for audience

Interpretive Writing Why do you think there could be different interpretations of a literary work? Why might this be important? When someone wants to explain an aspect or idea of a literary text, they use interpreting writing Interpretive writing gives different perspectives or explanations on a piece of literature

Listen to Ray Bradbury’s There Will Come Soft Rains on page 1000 of your textbook. Pay close attention to possible messages the author is trying present to the audience. Subject v. Theme Review your subject and theme. Find four specific examples from the text that support your theme. Include a quote and page numbers. To write an effective interpretive essay, you must distinguish between the subject and theme of the literary work. The subject describes what the story is about: In the novel Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, the subject is a story about a young boy who discovers he is a famous wizard born into an infamous destiny. The theme is the message about life the story suggests: The theme in the novel Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone is that though desire is not necessarily wrong or bad, it can be dangerous when overblown desire makes people lose perspective on life.

Your Turn! Identifying a Theme
Identify the subject (what the novel is about) and three possible themes (messages about life) from your literature circle novel with your group and write them in a three column chart. Remember, a novel usually contains multiple themes. Your Turn! Novel Subject Theme Try identifying the theme of the following short stories. Be sure to identify a message from the author or a life lesson learned from the story. Identifying a Theme To help you find an important and meaningful theme of your novel, use these strategies and questions to help guide you Strategies Look for clues in the title What clues does the title offer about a main theme? Explain. Look in the novel for the author’s statement about life Identify a life lesson that emerges in the novel What lessons about life do the main character’s actions reveal? Are there any symbols that play a significant role in the novel? How do they relate to the main character’s actions?

Interpretive Paragraph Analysis
When writing an interpretive paragraph analysis, include some of the following guidelines: In the opening sentence, include the title, author, and subject of the novel. In the body sentences, briefly describe the elements (characters, plot, setting, symbols) of the novel and stylistic devices that reveal the theme in a thorough explanation with direct quotations In the closing sentence, state the theme of the novel Helpful Hint: Use rhetorical devices in your writing to engage the audience!

Example Paragraph Analysis
Your turn! Use the story There Will Come Soft Rains to write an interpretive paragraph analysis. Be sure to include elements that reveal the theme. Scrooge’s Awakening In Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol, the main character, Ebenezer Scrooge, is a hard-hearted man who sees no meaning in Christmas reveal that he has become more and more focused on his business, shunning contact with friends and relatives. Scrooge is a living in a cocoon of selfishness, blinded to the world beyond his counting house. One Christmas Eve Scrooge follows his usual holiday pattern – refusing requests for charity, berating his employee for wanting to take Christmas Day off, and rejecting the holiday dinner invitation of his only nephew. But as darkness falls, the shifts to mysterious images of deceased acquaintances, lost youth, and a prophecy of Scrooge’s own cold and lonely death. What he sees horrifies him and ironically brings him to his senses. Scrooge learns that Christmas is a yearly reminder about the importance of love and the rewards of generosity and kindness toward one’s fellow humans. Flashbacks character setting

Example Embedded Quotes
Embedding Quotes Example Embedded Quotes Use your interpretive analysis paragraph of There Will Come Soft Rains to practice incorporating direct quotes. Include one of the quotes and embed it in the rewritten paragraph. To include an essay with well-developed quotations, keep in mind these following guidelines: Introduce the quote with reference of the author Sir Winston Churchill once said "A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty." In Shakespeare’s play As You Like It, Touchstone says to Audrey in the Forest of Arden "The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool.“ Include the quote as part of a larger idea in a sentence The idea of the world void of the novel would not be “because it has exhausted its powers but because it exists in a world grown alien to it” is the basis of an uncreative population. Though including quotes helps build your case with evidence, quote as infrequently as possible to prevent your essay from becoming a parroting of someone else’s ideas Excerpt from Monsters Are Made, Not Born Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein traces the plight of Victor Frankenstein, a scientist tortured by the thought that he is responsible for bringing into the world a hideously deformed, vicious creature. Through Frankenstein, Shelley expresses her fears that science left unchecked could be dangerous. However, in the end that theme is not nearly as moving as the monster’s message –– mistreating others is risky. This theme becomes clear when he states “There was none among the myriads of men that existed who would pity or assist me; and should I feel kindness toward my enemies?” It is the monster’s plight that haunts the reader as the monster recalls that he sought shelter from the weather, but “still more from the barbarity of man,” and no shelter was given.

Interpretive Essay Guidelines
Read the interpretive analysis example essays Land Values, Sharing Control, and For as Long as We Both Shall Live... Interpretive Essay Guidelines Write an interpretive essay over a given topic concerning your literature circle novel Introduction with clearly defined thesis, body with topic sentences and supporting details, and conclusion paragraph summarizing ideas Typed, double-spaced, Times New Roman, 12” font. 1” margins 1 ½ - 2 pages in length Citations for three direct quotes from the novel supporting the thesis

Prewriting Gather details from the novel that support your theme by listing literary elements, significant events, and character thoughts and feelings that reveal the theme. 1. Brainstorm several possible themes that fit the novel A. Use the title B. Find the author’s statement about life C. Identify a life lesson 2. Choose the theme you will write about 3. Gather details from the story that reveal the theme A. Literary Elements B. Significant events C. Character thoughts 5. Create your thesis statement A. Combine the element, character, or action with the theme to create the thesis 4. Identify direct quotes from the novel that support the theme A. Make sure they make sense in context with the theme

Selecting Direct Quotes
Your turn! Identify and list 6-8 important quotes that relate to and develop the theme of your essay. Be sure to include the page number! Use direct quotations from your novel to emphasize important points of the theme Things to keep in mind when choosing quotes: Purpose (theme) of the essay Does the quote not only relate to the theme, but does it also develop your evidence? Context (presented evidence) of the essay Does the quote make sense within the context, or the presented evidence of the essay, that you are trying to make?

Creating Your Thesis Now that you’ve gathered details, you are ready to write your thesis statement The thesis statement should connect your focus of the novel (elements, characters, or actions) to the theme Okonkwo Character becomes ensnared in the clash of two cultures Theme Okonkwo becomes ensnared in the clash of two cultures. Thesis In this example, the focus was a character and the theme was tradition vs. change. Together, the thesis statement above was formed to connect the ideas.

Organize Your turn! Now that you’ve decided upon a thesis, you will need to organize your details. Choose your text structure and organize your details in a graphic organizer. When it comes to organizing your essay, there are four main types to consider: Description – explain a topic by listing characteristics, examples, or features by focusing on one thing and its components Chronological – listing items or events in a sequential order Compare and Contrast – explains how two or more things are alike and how they are different Cause and Effect – listing one or more causes or events and the resulting consequences by explaining how or why something happened, exists, or works Your organization is determined primarily by your thesis

Drafting Create the introduction for your interpretive analysis essay. Be sure to include the title, author, and subject of the book, as well as the thesis. 1. Begin your essay with an introduction A. Make sure you clearly identify your focus that includes the main ideas of your essay B Make sure you establish a unique voice 2. Narrow the start of your essay to your focus. 3. Begin the body of your essay with your first main idea A. Make sure you follow the text structure for your main ideas 5. Close your essay with a conclusion A. Make sure you summarize the main ideas and focus of your essay 4. Explain the supporting details for each of the main ideas A. Make sure to create a new paragraph for each new main idea

Introduction and Body Create your topic sentences for your essay. Make sure these are IMPORTANT examples that help reveal the theme. Be ready to explain these points. When you write your introduction, be sure to keep in the mind the following things: Title and author Background plot or character information Thesis statement When working on your body, be sure to address the major points or examples that reveal the theme Use your example events, characterization, or literary elements to create your topic sentences Be sure to use transition words and phrases to help connect ideas for coherence

Create the ending paragraph for your essay
Create the ending paragraph for your essay. Be sure to review the points and the theme of the novel. Conclusion Conclusions are a summarization of the main points and thesis of your essay. Think about the following things as you write: Restatement of the theme from the introduction Review of the main examples or points Remember that themes can be shown through characters or conflict. Theme is a perception about life or human nature that the writer shares with the reader.

Citations EXAMPLE CITATION for BIBLIOGRAPHY
Meyer, Stephanie. Twilight. New York: Hachette Book Group, 2005. Nix, Garth. Abhorsen. New York: HarperCollins Pub., 2003 Before you begin revising and editing your rough draft, you need to include proper citation of your quotes: For each quote, you need to identify the page number: When Deuce asks Fade how he got his name, he replied, “’It came off an old bottle…’” (p. 135). Stalker and Tegan never got along, but after eight days of traveling “they were careful to keep the animosity silent and simmering” (p. 211). The bibliography citation for everyone will be in MLA format: Author’s last name, first name. Title. Publishing City: Publishing Company, Publishing Date

Writing Narrative Nonfiction

Write about a time in your life when you changed.
Prewriting Write about a time in your life when you changed. 1. Brainstorm several possible topics that are important to you A. Make sure they will answer the prompt B Make sure you know a lot about the topic 2. Choose the topic you will write about 3. List main ideas that help explain your topic A. Make sure the ideas are clearly related to the topic and help support your answer 5. Organize your details with a text structure A. Make sure you put your information into a logical order for your text structure 4. List details that help explain your main idea A. Make sure they make sense B. Make sure they are important to the main idea

Selecting a Topic Before selecting a topic, you need to write down several possible options that will answer the prompt Was hospitalized with an appendicitis attack Examples: Took a train trip with my grandmother Went canoeing with the youth group Participated in the school’s spelling bee Joined the Junior Drum and Bugle Corp Volunteered at the local nursing home Helped my neighbor take care of her dog Your turn! List a number of important experiences in your life. Circle the experience you want to use as the topic of your personal narrative.

Your Turn! Focusing Your Topic
Carefully read the following sentences. Then identify the ones you feel you make a good focus for your personal narrative. Christian and I had played in tennis tournaments all summer, but we learned more about friendship than tennis. I met my grandfather for the first time at my cousin’s wedding. I surprised my mother by making supper. I lived with my grandparents for a semester while my parents were busy starting a new business. When my little sister was born, my life changed completely. When focusing your topic, you need to be able to explain what you will be writing about in your essay Weak topics: One Saturday night a year ago, I learned that my friends are not always right. The last month of track meets really taught me something. Strong topic: The last month of track meets taught me that champions are made from discipline, determination, and sweat.

Gathering Details The next step in the prewriting step is to gather details for your topic with main ideas and supporting details A main idea is what the paragraph is primarily about and it helps describe the topic A supporting detail are smaller facts in the paragraph that help explain the main idea Using a chart to organize your main ideas and supporting details will help you in the next step.

Your turn! Record your key events in a chart like this one with details and resulting changes from the event. Key Events Details Change First day of practice hot summer day sore feet Mr. D. – very strict doing new things can be uncomfortable Daily practices intense practices bumping into people quickly improved wanted to quit, but was determined to get better Parades and competitions teamwork performed in all kinds of weather could face difficult challenges even though overwhelmed

Organizing Text Structure
In order to accurately write a logical essay, you must decide in what order you present your information Choosing a text structure will allow you to do this Chronological – Step by step Cause and Effect – Something happened as a result of something else Compare and Contrast – Similarities and differences Helpful hint: Use the text structure handout to help you when you are writing - - especially for TRANSITIONS!

Drafting 1. Begin your essay with an introduction
A. Make sure you clearly identify your focus that includes the main ideas of your essay B Make sure you establish a unique voice 2. Narrow the start of your essay to your focus. 3. Begin each body paragraph with a main idea (topic sentence) A. Create new paragraphs for each new main idea B. Follow text structure 5. Close your essay with a conclusion A. Make sure you summarize the main ideas and focus of your essay 4. Explain the supporting details for each main idea Maintain personal voice and tone Include dialogue

Introduction Example Introduction
The following paragraph introduces the example topic of the summer during the Drum and Bugle Corps: I was never interested in joining any group or sport during the summer. I liked hanging out with my friends and doing odd jobs to make extra cash. But then last summer I decided to do something different. I joined the Warrentown Junior Drum and Bugle Corps. It was the best decision I’ve ever made, because it helped me make a confident and outgoing person who enjoys working with others. Introduction Example Introduction When writing an introduction for a personal narrative, you need to think about the following things: Establish a clear focus that includes your experience and how it changed you Engage the reader Establish a unique voice

Establishing Tone Body Example Body Paragraphs
In the examples below, note how the writer changes neutral words to words that illustrate attitude, or tone Neutral – Mr. D. walked before us and spoke loudly. Strong – Mr. D. paced before us and barked loudly. For each of the sentences, determine which word in parentheses helps enhance, or strengthen, the tone The tough schedule (affected, shook) my confidence. Mr. D. told me my playing added (spark, something) to the trumpet section. Before the competition, Mr. D. (huddled, met) with us like (leader, football coach). I will never forget my first day of practice with the drum and bugle corps. The direction, Mr. DeRusha, stepped onto the football field and ordered us all to sit along the 50-yard line. I nervously tapped the keys of my trumpet. I’d heard that Mr. D. had a reputation for being tough. He looked like one of those army drill sergeants on TV. He was tall and had a fresh crew cut, and when his voice exploded through the bullhorn, I shivered, even though it was almost 70 degrees outside. “Listen up, people!” he barked. “Welcome to the Warrentown Junior Drum and Bugle Corps. Being in a drum and bugle corps means you are alert and prepared at all times. Is that understood?” Now that you have the reader’s attention and established your focus, it’s time to add details. Use your graphic organizer with your main ideas and supporting details to start writing your body, but as you do, keep in mind the following things: Choose words that maintain your voice and create an appropriate tone Use dialogue to help engage the reader Helpful hint: Make sure you refer back to your focus statement and consider the consequences of your own and other’s decisions and actions to show what you’ve learned!

Conclusion Example Conclusion
Make sure you explain your change and how it came about through a reflection back on the event or experience I still get goose bumps when I think about the band. Mr. DeRusha is a great director who taught me about discipline and respect. After last summer I am not the same Jon Bowers anymore. Today I feel good about my ability to play the trumpet, and I actually enjoy performing in front of people. When I look back on my decision to join the band, I realize it was one smart move! Conclusion Example Conclusion Begin the rough draft of your essay. Be sure to keep in mind your focus statement and your text structure as you write. The ending paragraph of your essay is called the conclusion; it should be a reflection on the decisions or actions you made and the significance of the event of experience A conclusion should: Review the main ideas and focus Add new insight or lesson that is learned from the event or experience The personal change does not have to be a major turning point in the writer’s life; the change can simply be that the writer sees things in a different light.

Revising & Editing 1. Check for internal and external coherence
Clearly stated focus and change Paragraphs relate and explain focus Follow text structure D. Essay about one experience/event E. Evident personal voice and point of view 2. Check for development of ideas and voice A. Use precise nouns, verbs, and adjectives B. Consistent point of view 4. Check for mechanics and spelling Capitalization and punctuation Spelling and homonyms 3. Check for subject- verb agreement and sentence structure Single and plural subjects match verb tense Varied simple, compound, and complex sentences

STAAR Practice Strategies
Personal Narrative (non-fiction story about a real event that affected you in some way) Each personal narrative prompt will appear with a picture, an explanation of the picture, and the prompt. Sometimes it’s hard to make a decision because there are so many choices. Write a personal narrative about a time when you had to make a decision. Be sure to write in detail about the choice you made and describe what happened as a result of your decision. When writing a persona narrative, keep in mind the following writing strategies: Start by brainstorming possible experiences answering the prompt Create a thesis statement that answers ‘what’ and ‘how’ Create a graphic organizer with the main ideas and supporting details and organize with a text structure Write the rough draft with the intro, body, and conclusion Revise for organization, idea development, transitions, and length Edit for grammatical conventions Rewrite the final essay in the test booklet Your turn! Write a personal narrative about a time when you accomplished something important through hard work. Be sure to describe what you were trying to accomplish, and how your hard work paid off.

Writing Expository

Expository Writing When might you use expository writing? Why would it be important to correctly write an expository essay? When someone wants to separate something into types or parts, you are classifying it Expository writing explains a concept or idea by presenting information with supporting evidence Expository writing Topic sentence begins each paragraph Body sentences present the categories and specific supporting details in the paragraph Closing sentences wraps up the paragraphs

Prewriting Susan B. Anthony once said, “Modern invention has banished the spinning wheel, and the same law of progress makes the woman of today a different woman from her grandmother.” Some inventions have had a huge impact on the way we live our lives. An invention may make our jobs easier, or it could change the way we communicate, or it might provide us with great entertainment. Write an expository essay describing an invention that has influence your life. 1. Diagram several possible topics that you know a lot about List different categories under each topic Check topic for being too narrow or broad 2. Choose the topic you will write about 3. Gather and sort details A. List details for each of the categories for the topic 5. Organize your details with a text structure A. Make sure you put your information into a logical order for your text structure 4. Write the topic sentences Topic sentences should name the topic and mention its categories

Selecting and Gathering
Whenever you are trying to decide between two things, you are comparing and contrasting them. Look at how these things are similar/positive, and how they are different/negative. Then using this information, make a decision about the topic For the topic, list as many details as possible for both subgroups Organize your details in a graphic organizer, such as a two-column graph to help keep your ideas straight The viewpoint that the details best support is the best choice for a topic

Forming a Thesis Statement
Creating Your Thesis Now that you’ve gathered details, you are ready to write your thesis statement Remember, the thesis should include the topic being addressed and the viewpoints being explained School uniforms Topic provide benefits Viewpoint School uniforms provide benefits to students, parents, and educators. Thesis In this example, the topic is addressing the benefits of school uniforms. The author then chose to say who they were benefiting, thus producing the thesis. Brainstorm about your prompt, identify the topics, gather details, and create a thesis statement about your topic. Forming a Thesis Statement When writing an expository text, the focus statement (the guiding statement explaining what the essay is about) is called the thesis statement A thesis statement should contain the topic to be addressed and the specific viewpoint to explain Madison and Seattle may seem different, but they have much in common in terms of entertainment. Hunger persists in certain countries because jobs are scarce and farming in the infertile soil is rarely profitable.

Topic Sentences Your turn! Create the topic sentences for each of your body paragraphs and organize them in a logical order for your rough draft. Topic sentences begin the body paragraphs and should help support your thesis statement Strategies: Keep in mind your thesis statement Make sure each topic sentence supports the viewpoint addressed in the thesis statement Include a transition to introduce the next supporting evidence smoothly Examples: One common way animals protect themselves is by changing color to blend in with their environment.

Drafting, Revising, Editing, and Publish
1. Create your rough draft using your graphic organizer Start your essay with an introduction that includes the thesis Start each body paragraph with topic sentences C. Use only details that support your thesis D. End essay with conclusion reviewing your viewpoint 2. Revise your rough draft A. Check for focus and coherence B. Check for text structure and the development of your ideas C. Check for voice and tone 4. Rewrite your essay after making your changes A. Be sure to write clearly and legibly 3. Edit your rough draft A. Check for spelling, punctuation, sentence structure, capitalization, and grammar errors

STAAR Practice Strategies Your turn!
THINK carefully about the following statement. It has often been said that nobody can do everything, but everyone can do something. Every act of goodness and charity, not matter how small, makes the world a better place. WRITE an essay describing something that you can do to make the world a better place. When writing an expository essay, keep in mind the following writing strategies: Start by listing main ideas and supporting details that support your opinion in an organizer Arrange your ideas in a logical text structure Create a thesis statement identifying the ‘what’ and ‘why’ Write the rough draft including the intro, body, and conclusion Revise for idea development, transitions, personal conclusion, and length Edit for grammatical conventions Rewrite final essay in test booklet Expository (non-fiction essay explaining your opinion about something: NOT PERSUASIVE!) Each expository text will have three parts: a quote, a statement explaining the idea, and the prompt READ the following quotation. Even if you’re on the right track, you’ll get run over if you just sit there. ~ Will Rogers THINK carefully about the following statement. Success comes from hard work. If you are not willing to work for what you want, then you will probably never achieve it. WRITE an essay explaining why hard work is necessary to be successful.

Writing Persuasive

Persuasive Writing Persuasive writing helps you address a difference of opinion. By clearly stating a position and defending it with facts and logical reasons, you can convince others to agree with you When writing a persuasive essay, it is important to include a variety of effective supporting details: Facts Statistics Case studies Anecdotes

Prewriting and Drafting
Some people define themselves by what they believe, while others allow their actions to speak for them. Write an essay stating your position on which is more important: what a person thinks or what a person does. Every issue has two sides. Write an essay explaining your issue’s point of view and give logical reasons for your position. 1. Create a reasons chart to support your position Include various logical reasons Explain with supporting evidence using precise, factual data 2. Identify a strong opposition statement to rebut 3. Counter an objection A. List several logical reasons to the important, objectionable statement that support your viewpoint 5. Outline A. Create an outline of your logical reasons to support your viewpoint 4. Organize your logical reasons A. Rank your reasons by order of importance and relative value

Counter Arguments and Rebuttals
Identify your position, read the research information, create a list of logical reasons supporting your point of view, two counter arguments, and rebuttals. Then, organize the information in order of importance Counter Arguments and Rebuttals Reasons Chart Brainstorm about your prompt, choose a position, create a list of logical reasons and counter argument with rebuttals, and organize this information in order of importance When you include a counter argument, it shows that you’ve thought and understood what someone may say against your argument A rebuttal is a statement that shifts the argument back to your viewpoint and offers a possible solution to the counter argument Government programs like food stamps provide all the help people need Examples: Counter Argument: Even with food stamps, the hunger problem has grown Despite government help, millions of people still visit food banks Rebuttals: Applying for food stamps takes time and some people need food right away After you have chosen your topic and stated your opinion, you need to use a range of appeals – facts, data, case studies, and anecdotes to convince your audience Logical Reasons Supporting Evidence Food banks do a great job of getting food to the people who need it 36 million served in 2011 food banks know local situation Food banks help businesses and the environment keep food out of waste stream accept food from restaurants, grocery stores, etc. Food banks are economically efficient don’t require fancy offices or tons of paperwork

Drafting 1. Create your rough draft using your graphic organizer and outline Start your essay with an introduction that engages the reader and states your issue and position B. Start each body paragraph with a topic sentence that identifies a new reason 2. Provide background information, specific logical reasons, and supporting evidence in the body paragraphs A. Include precise information supports your viewpoint 4. End your essay with the conclusion A. Reemphasize your position by summarizing your main points 3. Address an important objection A. List several rebuttals to the objection that support your viewpoint

Persuasive Techniques
The Greek philosopher Aristotle divided the means of persuasion (the use of appeals) into three categories: Ethos – credibility of the author’s argument Logos – logical supporting examples and evidence Pathos – emotional element to reach the audience These three appeals are core in answering the question: What does the author (speaker, cartoonist, advertiser, filmmaker, etc.) want the audience (reader, listener, or viewer) to feel, think, or do?

Ethos: Ethical Appeals
Ethos Example What Ethos Looks Like: Ethos: Ethical Appeals "If, in my low moments, in word, deed or attitude, through some error of temper, taste, or tone, I have caused anyone discomfort, created pain, or revived someone's fears, that was not my truest self. If there were occasions when my grape turned into a raisin and my joy bell lost its resonance, please forgive me. Charge it to my head and not to my heart. My head--so limited in its finitude; my heart, which is boundless in its love for the human family. I am not a perfect servant. I am a public servant doing my best against the odds." (Jesse Jackson, Democratic National Convention Keynote Address, 1984) the source’s credibility: the author’s authority over the content appeals to a person’s conscience, morals, standards, values, or principles When an author/speaker: tries to convince the reader/audience that he/she is of good character is qualified to make his/her claims cites relevant authorities quotes others accurately and fairly How well an author/speaker presents him/herself Questions for considering a writer’s ethos: Does he or she seem knowledgeable? Reasonable? Trustworthy? Does he or she treat their opponents with fairness and respect, or do they take cheap shots? Does he or she try to establish common ground with the reader/audience?

Logos: Logical Appeals
Logos Example What Logos Looks Like: logic used to explain claim: facts and statistics used to support argument “Rational choice theory in political science has made much of the fact that it is seemingly irrational to vote in a large-scale election. This is because the probability that your single vote will determine the outcome is generally very close to zero, while the act of voting entails some small, but real, costs. Even in a close election, like Florida in 2000, an individual’s vote would really “count” only if the margin of victory was exactly one vote. ” When an author/speaker: involves facts or figures uses reputable research quotes authorities on the topic uses cause and effect information makes comparisons through analogies presents information as common sense reviews precedents How well an author/speaker uses well-organized textual evidence to support his/her claim Questions for considering a writer’s logos: What is the author’s thesis? What points does the author offer to support his/her thesis? Are ideas presented in a logical order? Does the author introduce counter arguments and rebuttals to help support his/her claim?

Pathos: Emotional Appeals What Pathos Looks Like: Pathos Example
Your turn! For each of the following examples, identify the appeal in your group. Then, use text evidence to support your answer. “Hilary Clinton used a moment of brilliantly staged emotion to win the New Hampshire Democratic primary… As she answered questions in a diner on the morning before the election, Mrs. Clinton’s voice began to waver and crack when she said, ‘It’s not easy… This is very personal for me.’" emotional or motivational: use of vivid or emotional language and sensory details When an author/speaker: appeals to the heart expresses emotions shows sympathy uses imagery or figurative language carefully constructs sentences to pick out emotional language How well an author/speaker taps into the audiences emotions Questions for considering a writer’s pathos: Does the topic matter to the audience? Does the writer include anecdotes (memorable stories)? Does the writer appeal to the audience’s emotions, personal memories, fears, etc.? Is the emotional appeal effective or overwhelming? Is the writing overloaded with facts and figures?

Rough Draft Your turn! Create your topic sentences and then write your rough draft, including the introduction, body, and conclusion paragraphs. The introduction should capture the reader’s attention, address the topic with background information, and state your position The body paragraphs should include your logical reasons, ordered from your most important and relative to the least, finishing your evidence with the counter argument and rebuttal in the final body paragraph Use transition words and phrases to smooth the flow of evidence in the essay Example: One reason ---- Another reason ---- Most importantly The conclusion should restate your position and summarize the main reasons, as well as leave the reader with an important final insight to the topic

Revising & Editing 1. Check for coherence and focus of the position
Topic sentences focus on the thesis statement Position is consistent throughout the essay 2. Transitions are used to promote a unified and logical order to the argument 3. Check for development of ideas A. Facts and statistics clearly show the problem B. Explain how the problem affects people C. Convincing argument 5. Check for grammatical conventions Capitalization and punctuation Spelling, mechanics, and sentence structure 4. Check for an authoritative and respectful voice and tone Formal, knowledgeable language that is respectful to other viewpoints

Writing Narrative Fiction

Prewriting & Drafting Choose one of the listed prompts from the Writing Activities slide and begin your prewriting and drafting! 1. Brainstorm several possible topics that are interesting to you A. Make sure they are appropriate for your audience B Make sure you use your imagination 2. Narrow down your topic and choose the topic you will write about 3. Develop engaging story plot A. Use sensory details to create a believable setting & interesting characters B. Include conflict for well-paced action 5. Organize your details with plot structure A. Begin with the exposition, build suspense through conflict to the climax in the middle, and end with the resolution 4. List sensory details and literary devices A. Sight, sound, smell, taste, and feel B. Flashbacks, foreshadowing, suspense, dialogue, etc.

Drafting Checklist While writing, aim at writing your ideas and describing, not making your writing perfect. Keep in my the following things as you write: Create a plot web with descriptions of setting and characters – be sure to include sensory details and motivations Determine a conflict and describe/hint at it Use vivid words and descriptions to help the readers experience what the characters experience Develop characters who respond to each situation based on their individual personalities Keep the action moving and focused on the conflict – be sure to describe the events chronologically, building to the climax Use literary elements and rhetorical devices to create a specific mood to show how the characters feel Finish by describing the resolution of the conflict, or additional details on how the resolution came about, and how the character’s ideas/feelings have changed as a result of the experience

Revising & Editing 1. Check for engaged audience
Opening introduces interesting main character and creates specific setting Conflict is evident and well-developed 2. Check the setting is believable & identifiable as specific type of fiction 3. Check plot development A. Chronological events lead to buildup of suspense and climax B. Dialogue helps develop the story C. Literary elements to enhance story 5. Check for grammatical conventions Capitalization and punctuation Spelling, mechanics, and sentence structure 4. Check for loose plot ends A. Answer ‘What happened next?’ and ‘How’d characters react after the climax?’ B. Sum up the theme

STAAR Practice Strategies
Literary (fictional story that is NOT about personal experiences) Each literary text will come with a picture and a prompt. Look at the photograph. Write a story about significant loss. Be sure that your story is focused and complete and that it has an interesting plot and engaging characters. When writing a literary essay, keep in mind the following writing strategies: Start by creating the plot diagram Fill in the plot diagram with characters, setting, conflict, climax, and resolution Begin structuring the story using the seven-sentence story technique Revise the story by adding details through adjectives/adverbs, figurative language, and dialogue Go back and edit for conventions Rewrite final essay in test booklet Your turn! Write a literary essay about achieving goals. Be sure that your story is focused and complete and that it has an interesting plot and engaging characters.

Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

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Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive

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Presentation on theme: "Interpretive, Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive"— Presentation transcript:

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