2. HOMEWORK REVIEW PROJECTS ARE –DUE FEBRUARY 23 rd

3. How DNA is Used by the Cell

4. THE FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONSHIP Chromosome Gene Message Product (DNA) (mRNA) (protein)

5. DNA The Molecular Basis of Life

6. GENETIC CODE the program for the cell

7. DNA (de-oxy-ribo-nucleic acid) a nucleic acid that stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation to the next

8. aka…. DNA is the mackdaddy without DNA we would have no way to store genetic information!!!

13. The Quest for the Structure of DNA

14. Big Players in DNA  Chargaff  Rosalind Franklin  Watson and Crick

15. People knew that DNA was made up of:  Adenine (A)  Guanine (G)  Cytosine (C)  Thymine (T)

16. Erwin Chargaff Discovered that in any sample of DNA, the amount of A equals the amount of T and the amount of C equals the amount of G. This suggested that A binds with T and that C binds with G.

17. Rosalind Franklin’s X-Ray Crystallography Took x-ray photographs of crystallized DNA Discovered that the shape of DNA must be a helix, because of the x-ray pattern Died of cancer (too many x-rays?)

18. An example of X-Ray Crystallography

19. Watson and Crick Credited for discovering the structure of DNA in 1953 Used Chargaff and Franklin’s discoveries along with toy models to discover the structure

20. A 3-D Model of DNA What Shape is this called… Double Helix!!!

22. NUCLEOTIDES Made up of:  A phosphate group (P,O)  5 carbon sugar  Nitrogenous Base (either A,T,G,C) The deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group are identical in all DNA nucleotides… nitrogenous bases differ

23. PURINES  Adenine (A)  Guanine (G)

24. PYRIMIDINES  Cytosine (C)  Thymine (T)

25. Base Pairing in DNA A-TC-G

27. Adenine Nucleotide

28. Cytosine Nucleotide

29. Guanine Nucleotide

31. Here’s What a Nucleotide Looks Like

32. Write the complementary DNA strand for each of these DNA strands: DNA GAATTACA CCAATTAG ATAGACAG CCAGTACA DNA CTTAATGT GGTTAATC TATCTGTC GGTCATGT

33. Each of the 96 columns represents one DNA sequence. A different colored dye attached to each of the four nucleotides.

34. Replication The act of making an exact copy of DNA

35. Semi-Conservative Replication Each strand of the original molecule acts as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary DNA molecule Do Not Copy!!!

36. With semi-conservative replication, each new strand is ½ new and ½ old

37. Examples of DNA Replication

38.  Helicase is an enzyme that unzips the DNA molecule

39. WHAT DO WE KNOW NOW  We know how DNA COPIES ITSELF  Why is this important?

40. Dolly 5 July 1996 14 February 2003

42. RNA (ribo-nucleic acid) a nucleic acid that is a messenger between DNA and the ribosomes

43. Differences between DNA and RNA 1. Different sugars (DNA=deoxyribose) (RNA=ribose) 2. RNA is single stranded (1 side) DNA is double stranded (2sides) 3. RNA has “U” (uracil) DNA has “T” (thymine)

44. Always remember… RNA loves U

45. Write the RNA strand for each of these DNA strands: ½ Strand of DNA GAATTACA CCAATTAG ATAGACAG CCAGTACA RNA CUUAAUGU GGUUAAUC UAUCUGUC GGUCAUGU

47. Transcription The process by which DNA is copied into mRNA

48. mRNA Messenger RNA, is the copy of the DNA that goes from the nucleus to the ribosome….

49. Translation The decoding of a mRNA message into proteins

50. Transcription vs Translation DNA goes to mRNA (messenger RNA) Takes place in nucleus Messenger RNA is read in the cytoplasm and proteins are made Done in the cytoplasm not the nucleus

51.  Explain to your parents in the form of a letter with pictures how DNA replicates itself, the process of transcription, and the process of translation  Make sure that your parents can understand what you write and use proper English  Graded for Classwork Grade  Rubric: Daily Assignments Section 5 points 5 = at least 5 sentences with pictures of each process 5 = at least 5 sentences with pictures of each process 3 = middle of the road job with not much effort 3 = middle of the road job with not much effort 0 = did not do assignment 0 = did not do assignment

52. FACT Proteins are made up of amino acids

53. tRNA Transfer RNA, matches up with mRNA and has an amino acid on its top

55. CODON Each combination of 3 nucleotides on a strand of mRNA

59. ANTICODON Each combination of 3 nucleotides on a tRNA

61. Why is base pairing important? I WAS MADONNA I SAW MADONNA JUST A FLIP OF ONE LETTER!!!!!!!

62.  Why did Mr. Gibney make you do this?.... Is he just whack??  Where is the Mona Lisa? In the Louvre In the Louvre In France

63.  Mona Lisa = DNA  Louvre = Nucleus  Sketch of Painting = mRNA  Copy on outside = Protein Assembly 100% Hot Class

66. Table of Codons

67. 1. What did Willerslev find? Why do you think this is important? 2. How do the scientists think the DNA got into the soil? 3. Do you think we can re-create species from Animal Poop? 4. Think about the last 3 weeks in class and describe to me how important DNA is.

68. Jurassic Park Movie Style 1. Find and collect amber. Amber is tree sap that has hardened and fossilized also preserving insects inside of it. 1. Find and collect amber. Amber is tree sap that has hardened and fossilized also preserving insects inside of it. 2. Take out the mosquito from the amber and extract red blood cells from its gut (Mosquitos suck blood out of organisms... such as... DINOSAURS). 2. Take out the mosquito from the amber and extract red blood cells from its gut (Mosquitos suck blood out of organisms... such as... DINOSAURS). 3. Extract DNA from the blood cells. 3. Extract DNA from the blood cells.DNA 4. Sequence the DNA to create a complete strand of DNA. 4. Sequence the DNA to create a complete strand of DNA.DNA 5. Fill in any gaps in the DNA by splicing frog DNA with the dinosaur DNA. 5. Fill in any gaps in the DNA by splicing frog DNA with the dinosaur DNA.DNAsplicingDNA splicingDNA 6. Insert this DNA into crocodile ova and create an embryo. 6. Insert this DNA into crocodile ova and create an embryo.DNA 7. Put the embryo inside of special plastic eggs with large yolk sacs and little water. 7. Put the embryo inside of special plastic eggs with large yolk sacs and little water. 8. Incubate the eggs in an environment with 100% humidity and a temperature of 99 °F. 8. Incubate the eggs in an environment with 100% humidity and a temperature of 99 °F. 9. Allow eggs to hatch naturally and for baby dinosaurs to grow. 9. Allow eggs to hatch naturally and for baby dinosaurs to grow.

69. Jurassic Park: True or Not? 1. Dinosaur DNA is difficult to obtain and to sequence. Although ancient dinosaur DNA has been found, the DNA is broken apart and must be sequenced. This process is a little difficult because there is not a complete strand of dinosaur DNA anywhere to copy. We can't simply make it complete, we have to make sure that every base pair is in the correct place. 2. Even if we have the DNA sequenced, there will be some gaps that must be filled. Unlike in the movie, these gaps can't be filled by splicing frog DNA. Dinosaur DNA must be used to fill in the gaps in the DNA. However, we don't have the DNA to do this either. Also, splicing in frog DNA, will not create a dinosaur, it would create a mutant or a frog/dinosaur type organism. 3. Once the DNA is sequenced and complete, it must be inserted into an oocyte so that it can be cloned. The oocyte must come from the same organism that is being cloned (in our case this would be a dinosaur), and since no dinosaurs are alive today, this would be impossible. It wouldn't work to insert the DNA into crocodile ova because crocodile ova is specialized for crocodiles, not dinosaurs. 4. Even if crocodile ova could hold dinosaur DNA, a problem still arises with the development of the dinosaur embryo. Dinosaurs were born through eggs, so we simply can't put them inside of an organism. We must put them in eggs. In the movie, the scientist created plastic eggs. However, this would not work because every organism must have a specialized egg. A turtle's egg will not have the nutrients necessary for a fish, nor would a fish have the nutrients necessary for a turtle. Every organism must have its own special egg to nourish its young. 1. Dinosaur DNA is difficult to obtain and to sequence. Although ancient dinosaur DNA has been found, the DNA is broken apart and must be sequenced. This process is a little difficult because there is not a complete strand of dinosaur DNA anywhere to copy. We can't simply make it complete, we have to make sure that every base pair is in the correct place. 2. Even if we have the DNA sequenced, there will be some gaps that must be filled. Unlike in the movie, these gaps can't be filled by splicing frog DNA. Dinosaur DNA must be used to fill in the gaps in the DNA. However, we don't have the DNA to do this either. Also, splicing in frog DNA, will not create a dinosaur, it would create a mutant or a frog/dinosaur type organism. 3. Once the DNA is sequenced and complete, it must be inserted into an oocyte so that it can be cloned. The oocyte must come from the same organism that is being cloned (in our case this would be a dinosaur), and since no dinosaurs are alive today, this would be impossible. It wouldn't work to insert the DNA into crocodile ova because crocodile ova is specialized for crocodiles, not dinosaurs. 4. Even if crocodile ova could hold dinosaur DNA, a problem still arises with the development of the dinosaur embryo. Dinosaurs were born through eggs, so we simply can't put them inside of an organism. We must put them in eggs. In the movie, the scientist created plastic eggs. However, this would not work because every organism must have a specialized egg. A turtle's egg will not have the nutrients necessary for a fish, nor would a fish have the nutrients necessary for a turtle. Every organism must have its own special egg to nourish its young.DNA DNA splicingDNA splicing DNA cloned DNA DNA splicingDNA splicing DNA cloned DNA