1. War and Peace - Introduction

2. American Cemetery – Colleville-Sur-Mer, Normandy, France What does this photograph bring to mind for you? What might your parents or grandparents think?

3. Introduction to War and Peace What to do think? Do you think 2015 is a time of war or of peace? Why? What is the most peaceful period in Modern World History? Answer the same question now that you’ve seen the clip from www.salon.comwww.salon.com

4. WAR THEORIES Just War Theory Before War (Jus ad bellum) Declare war No pre-emptive war (no surprise attacks) During War (Jus in bello) Humane methods No attacking civilians Follow the ‘rules of war’ After War (Jus post bellum) Peaceful solution Fair treaty

5. WAR THEORIES Pacifism-------------------Realism------------Just War Theory Pacifism Avoid conflict at all costs No War! Seek a peaceful alternative to war (Quakers, Anabaptists, Buddhists, Hippies) Realism Look at the reality of War “War is War” Whatever methods you want to use – GO FOR IT!

6. War and Peace ✤ Essential Questions: ✤ 1. To what extent is war justifiable? ✤ 2. To what extent do peace treaties and international charters resolve conflict?

7. Categories of War ✤ 1. Wars of Ideology ✤ focuses on promoting an idea/belief ( ex. religion) ✤ 2. Wars of Resources ✤ focuses on specific natural resources ( ex. land, oil, water access) ✤ 3. Wars of National Self Interest ✤ focused on a country’s position in the world

8. The Thirty Years War (Ch 5 section 3) ✤ Post-Reformation Europe - 1618 ✤ Ferdinand II (Future HRE) was a Catholic, foreign ruler of Bohemia ✤ He closed some Protestant Churches ✤ Protestants revolted and German princes supported them ✤ Conflict over religion, territory, and power ✤ The war had devastated Germany -> decreased population and ruined economy (4,000,000 Germans killed – 2 centuries for economy to recover)

9. Peace of Westphalia (1648) (Ch 5 section 3) ✤ 1. Weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria ✤ 2. Strengthened France by giving it German territory ✤ 3. German princes independent of HRE - broke apart German unity ✤ 4. Ended religious wars in Europe ✤ 5. Introduced peace negotiation - all participants meet, settle the problems of war, and decided on the terms. ✤ First time Europe recognizes independent negotiating states. ✤ Peace lasts almost 100 years – until Prussia invades Austria in 1740

10. Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) (Ch 7 section 4)

12. The Purpose After Napoleon’s defeat in 1815, European heads of state wanted to establish collective security and stability

13. Who was there? 5 Great Powers - Prussia, Russia, Austria, Great Britain, and France Most Influential= Klemens von Metternich- foreign minister of Austria

14. Goals of Congress of Vienna (Ch 7 section 5) 1. Containment of France: Prevent future French aggression by strengthening countries surrounding France 2. Balance of Power: Restore a balance of power so that no country would be a threat to others - weaken France but not severely punish it - bring it back to pre-Napoleon status 3. Legitimacy: Restore Europe’s royal families from pre-Napoleon conquests

16. Lasting Peace? Holy Alliance and Concert of Europe = series of agreements between different European nations that assured support in the event of a revolution (In response to French Revolution and spreading ideas of democracy). Use of diplomacy and alliances between nations to maintain peace Peace was eventually broken with increasing nationalism and the imperialism - Crimean War - 1853 but no multi-national large scale war until World War 1

17. Nationalism in the 1800s What is the role of the Nation State? 1. Defends the nation’s territory and way of life 2. Represents the nation to the rest of the world 3. Embodies the people and its ideals

18. Growth of Nationalism (Ch 8 section 3) Bonds that create a Nation-State For each of these think of examples - follow my lead for the first one 1. Nationality - French vs. British 2. Common Language 3. Culture 4. History 5. Religion 6. Territory

19. Why now? Old order kingdoms began to be pulled apart by the variety of ethnic groups within large kingdoms Empires that began to weaken or crumbled: Austro- Hungarian, Russian, Ottoman

21. How can the growth of Nationalism be both unifying and dividing ?

22. Countries that Unified (Ch 8 section 3) 1. Italy - Unified in 1870-1 Italy was split into multiple areas ruled by different European powers Cavour, the prime minister under the King of Sardinia used a series of alliances, diplomacy and the help of southern military leader Garibaldi Continued conflict due to disagreements between northerners and southerners, disorganized political parties, and a poor economy

24. Countries that Unified (Ch 8 section 3) ✤ 2. Germany - Unification completed 1871 ✤ In 1815, a loose grouping of 39 states formed the German Confederation - two largest were Austro-Hungarian Empire and Prussia ✤ Prussia becomes leading nationalistic state because of German heritage, industrialization, and strong army ✤ Otto Von Bismarck was prime minister under Wilhelm I in 1861 in Prussia (eastern area of what is now Germany) ✤ Developed concept of Realpolitik - tough power politics

25. German Unification ✤ Through a series of careful alliances and wars (Seven Weeks War and Franco Prussian War) with neighboring areas(Austria and France) ✤ January 18, 1871 - Wilhelm I becomes Kaiser Wilhelm or emperor of new Germany (Prussia became Germany at this point) ✤ In 1871 - Germany and Great Britain are two strongest European powers