1. The Geography of Language La Geografía del Idioma La Géographie de Langue CHAPTER 6 La Geografia di Lingua Die Geographie der Sprache

2. What are Languages, and what Role do Languages Play in Cultures? Key Question:

3. Language Language – a set of sounds, combinations of sounds, and symbols that are used for communication.

4. Is language powerful? Why or why not? http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=ImQrUjlyHUg http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=ImQrUjlyHUg http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=ImQrUjlyHUg http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=ImQrUjlyHUg To 2:46 To 2:46

5. Language and Culture “No one was allowed to speak the language – the Dena’ina language. They [the American government] didn’t allow it in the schools, and a lot of the women had married non-native men, and the men said, ‘You’re American now so you can’t speak the language.’ So, we became invisible in the community. Invisible to each other. And, then, because we couldn’t speak the language – what happens when you can’t speak your own language is you have to think with someone else’s words, and that’s a dreadful kind of isolation [emphasis added].” - Clare Swan, elder, Kenaitze band, Dena’ina Indians

6. What if you were not allowed to use your language? What if you were not allowed to use your language? What do you think could happen to a culture who was denied that right? What do you think could happen to a culture who was denied that right?

7. Do you know people who use language to gain favor? How? Why?

8. Does your language ever change? Why?

9. Does language really identify you? Hmmmm…. Let’s see… Game time! Hmmmm…. Let’s see… Game time! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9oIvs k7cvw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9oIvs k7cvw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9oIvs k7cvw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9oIvs k7cvw

10. What is dialect? Unique speech patterns… Unique speech patterns… slang… slang… and the unique pieces to a language. and the unique pieces to a language. …. Does everyone know them? …. Does everyone know them? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYmrg 3owTRE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYmrg 3owTRE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYmrg 3owTRE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYmrg 3owTRE

11. What does your dialect say about you? Survey time!!! Survey time!!!

12. Do you know your British slang? Let’s be British…. Let’s be British…. What are other types of dialect? Slang? In your world? What are other types of dialect? Slang? In your world? So Language is powerful! So Language is powerful!

13. Languages and Language Families

14. Language Divisions Language Families Language Branches Language Groups Languages Dialects Accents

15. Language and Cultural Identity

16. Language and National Identity Standard Language a language that is published, widely distributed, and purposefully taught. Government usually plays a big role in standardizing a language.

17. Language and Political Conflict Belgium: Flanders (Flemish language) Wallonia (French language)

18. Percent of People 5 Years and Older Who Speak a Language other than English at Home

20. Language as Element of Cultural Diversity 6000+ Languages spoken today, not including dialects 1500+ Spoken in Sub-Saharan Africa alone 400+ in New Guinea alone 100+ in Europe However, this diversity is diminishing: 2000+ Threatened or Endangered Languages

21. Dialect variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines - vocabulary -syntax - pronunciation - cadence - pace of speech Isogloss A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs

22. Mutual Intelligibility Means two people can understand each other when speaking. Means two people can understand each other when speaking. Problems: Problems: Cannot measure mutual intelligibility Cannot measure mutual intelligibility Many “languages” fail the test of mutual intelligibility Many “languages” fail the test of mutual intelligibility Standard languages and governments impact what is a “language” and what is a “dialect” Standard languages and governments impact what is a “language” and what is a “dialect”

23. World Language Families

24. Linguist Bert Vaux’s study of dialects in American English points to the differences in words for common things such as soft drinks and sandwiches. Describe a time when you said something and a speaker of another dialect did not understand word you used. Was the word a term for a common thing? Why do you think dialects have different words for common things, things found across dialects, such as soft drinks and sandwiches.

25. Why are Languages Distributed the way they are? Key Question:

26. How are Languages Formed? Can find linkages among languages by examining sound shifts – a slight change in a word across languages over time. Can find linkages among languages by examining sound shifts – a slight change in a word across languages over time. eg. Milk =lacte in Latin latta in Italian leche in Spanish lait in French

27. Language divergence – Language divergence – when a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages. Language convergence – Language convergence – when peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one. How are Languages Formed?

28. How do Linguists Study Historical Languages? Backward reconstruction – tracking sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an “original” language. Backward reconstruction – tracking sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an “original” language. Can deduce the vocabulary of an extinct language. Can deduce the vocabulary of an extinct language. Can recreate ancient languages (deep reconstruction) Can recreate ancient languages (deep reconstruction)

29. Historical Linkages among Languages Indo-European language family Indo-European language family Proto-Indo-European language Proto-Indo-European language Nostratic Language Nostratic Language

30. From Anatolia diffused Europe’s languages From the Western Arc of Fertile Crescent diffused North Africa and Arabia’s languages From the Eastern Arc of Fertile Crescent diffused Southwest Asia and South Asia’s languages. Renfrew Hypothesis: Proto-Indo-European began in the Fertile Crescent, and then:

31. Agriculture Theory With increased food supply and increased population, speakers from the hearth of Indo-European languages migrated into Europe.

32. Dispersal Hypothesis Indo-European languages first moved from the hearth eastward into present-day Iran and then around the Caspian and into Europe.

33. The Languages of Europe Romance languages Germanic languages Slavic languages

34. Euskera The Basque speak the Euskera language, which is in now way related to any other language family in Europe. How did Euskera survive?

35. Languages of Subsaharan Africa - extreme language diversity - effects of colonialism

36. Nigeria more than 400 different languages.

37. How do Languages Diffuse? Key Question:

38. How do Languages Diffuse? human interaction human interaction print distribution print distribution migration migration trade trade rise of nation-states rise of nation-states colonialism colonialism

39. Spatial Interaction helps create: Lingua franca – Lingua franca – A language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce. Pidgin language – Pidgin language – a language created when people combine parts of two or more languages into a simplified structure and vocabulary. Creole language – Creole language – a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people.

40. Key Terms PIDGIN - a form of speech that adopts simplified grammar and limited vocabulary from a lingua franca, used for communication between speakers of two different languages. Examples include Hawaiian Pidgin and the creoles of West Africa that resulted from the slave trade. “No eat da candy, Bruddah, it's pilau. Da thing wen fall on da ground.”

41. Give us da food we need fo today an every day. Hemmo our shame, an let us go Fo all da kine bad stuff we do to you, Jalike us guys let da odda guys go awready, And we no stay huhu wit dem Fo all da kine bad stuff dey do to us. No let us get chance fo do bad kine stuff, But take us outa dea, so da Bad Guy no can hurt us. Cuz you our King. You get da real power, An you stay awesome foeva. Dass it!” Matthew 6:9-13 “The Lord’s Prayer” - Taken from Da Jesus Book, a twelve year effort by 6 linguists to translate the New Testament into Hawaiian Pidgin, published 2001

42. Key Terms CREOLE - a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with an indigenous language. Often they are pidgins. a. mo pe aste sa banan b. de bin alde luk dat big tri c. a waka go a wosu d. olmaan i kas-im chek e. li pote sa bay mo f. ja fruher wir bleiben g. dis smol swain i bin go fo maket I am buying the banana they always looked for a big tree he walked home the old man is cashing a check he brought that for me Yes at first we remained this little pig went to market Can you guess which colonizing language is the base for each of the following creole examples? New Orleans’ French Quarter

43. Key Terms CREOLE - a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with an indigenous language. Often they are pidgins a. mo pe aste sa banan b. de bin alde luk dat big tri c. a waka go a wosu d. olmaan i kas-im chek e. li pote sa bay mo f. ja fruher wir bleiben g. dis smol swain i bin go fo maket French based Seychelles Creole English based Roper River Creole English based Saran English based Cape York Creole French based Guyanais German based Papua New Guinea Pidgin German English based Cameroon Pidgin Can you guess which colonizing language is the base for each of the following creole examples? New Orleans’ French Quarter

44. Key Terms ISOLATED LANGUAGE - a language that is not related to any other languages and thus not connected to any language families. Examples include Basque and Korean. Basque Spain

45. Monolingual State a country in which only one language is spoken Multilingual State a country in which more than one language is in use Official Language should a multilingual state adopt an official language?

46. Global Language Is a global language the principle language people use around the world in their day-to-day activities? OR Is a global language a common language for trade and commerce used around the world?

47. Choose a country in the world. Imagine you become a strong leader of a centralized government in the country. Pick a language other than a current language spoken in the country. Determine what policies you could put in place to replace the country’s language with the new language. How many years, or how many generations, would need to pass before your program achieves your desired outcome?

48. What Role does Language Play in Making Places? Key Question:

49. Place Place – the uniqueness of a location, what people do in a location, what they create, how they impart a certain character, a certain imprint on the location by making it unique. Place – the uniqueness of a location, what people do in a location, what they create, how they impart a certain character, a certain imprint on the location by making it unique.

50. Toponym Toponym – a place name Toponym – a place name A toponym: A toponym: Imparts a certain character on a place Imparts a certain character on a place Reflects the social processes in a place Reflects the social processes in a place Can give us a glimpse of the history of a place Can give us a glimpse of the history of a place

51. Changing Toponyms When people change the toponym of a place, they have the power to “wipe out the past and call forth the new.” When people change the toponym of a place, they have the power to “wipe out the past and call forth the new.” - Yi-Fu Tuan

52. Changing Toponyms Major reasons people change toponyms: Major reasons people change toponyms: After decolonization After decolonization After a political revolution After a political revolution To memorialize people or events To memorialize people or events To commodify or brand a place To commodify or brand a place

53. Martin Luther King, Jr. Streets Geographer Derek Alderman asks: * Where are MLK streets? * Why are they where they are? * What controversies surround memorializing MLK with a street name?

54. Where are MLK Streets in the US?

55. This place was first named by Gabrielino Indians. In 1769, Spanish Franciscan priests renamed the place. In 1850, English speakers renamed the place. Do not use the Internet to help you. Use only maps in this book or in atlases to help you deduce what this place is. Maps of European exploration and colonialism will help you the most. Look at the end of the chapter summary for the answer.