1. LANDMARK CIVIL RIGHTS COURT CASES

2. BROWN VS. BOARD OF EDUCATION  Who?- 3 rd grader Linda Brown was bussed 21 blocks from her house to a segregated school  What?- Separate public schools for African Americans (segregation)  When?- 1954  Where?- Topeka, Kansas  Why?- Does racial segregation of public schools deny children equal protection under the law?  Impact- Desegregation of public schools

3. SWEATT VS. PAINTER  Who?- Hermann Sweatt and the University of Texas  What?- Sweatt wanted acceptance to the University’s law school  When?- 1950  Where?- University of Texas, Austin  Why?- Does the 14 th Amendment permit states to provide separate law schools based on race?  Impact- Supreme Court ruled in favor of Sweatt and he was admitted into the University of Texas Law School

4. PLESSY VS. FERGUSON  Who?- Homer Plessy  What?- The Separate Car Act state law in Louisiana (segregation) in passenger railroad cars  When?- 1896  Where?- New Orleans, Louisiana  Why?- Does this state law violate the 13 th and/or the 14 th amendment?  Impact- The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Louisiana Law

5. MENDEZ VS. WESTMINSTER  Who?- Gonzalo Mendez was not allowed to register at Wesminster Main School, an all-white school  What?- Separate public schools for Mexican and Latin descent children (segregation)  When?- 1945  Where?- Orange County, California  Why?- Does segregation of Mexican-American children deny them equal protection under the law?  Impact- Ruled that segregation was unconstitutional

6. HERNANDEZ VS. TEXAS  Who?- Pete Hernandez commits murder  What?- The jury that found Hernandez guilty and sentenced to life prison was an all Anglo jury  When?- 1951  Where?- Jackson County, Texas  Why?- Was Hernandez denied equal protection under the law because it was an all Anglo jury even though 14% of the community was of Mexican descent?  Impact- Justice Earl Warren overturned the conviction because the jury was not representative and excluded Mexican from serving

7. DELGADO VS. BASTROP I.S.D.  Who?- Mexican American children in various school districts  What?- Segregation of Mexican American children in public schools  When?- 1948  Where?- Del Rio, Texas  Why?- Does segregation of Mexican American children violate their equal protection under the law?  Impact- Court ruled against segregation of Mexican American children

8. CHEROKEE NATION VS. GEORGIA  Who?- Cherokee People and the state of Georgia  What?- Cherokee sought for the federal government to uplift laws based by the state of Georgia that deprived them of rights  When?- 1831  Where?- Georgia  Why?- Do Native Americans have the same protection under the law as all other citizens?  Impact- The Supreme Court did not hear the case because they ruled that the Cherokee were a dependent nation and under different jurisdiction

9. TINKER VS. DES MOINES  Who?- Students (Mary Beth Tinker and others)  What?- Students protested the Vietnam War by wearing black armbands to school and the students were suspended for violating a school rule  When?- 1969  Where?- Des Moines, Iowa  Why?- Is wearing armbands to school to protest a freedom of speech protected under the 1 st amendment?  Impact- U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of the students and their first amendment right

10. EDGEWOOD I.S.D. VS. KIRBY  Who?- Demetrio Rodriguez and other parents with students in Edgewood I.S.D  What?- Texas public school finances between school districts (funding based on property taxes)  When?- 1968  Where?- San Antonio, Texas  Why?- Does the difference in funding between school districts create unequal learning opportunities?  Impact- The Texas Supreme Court ruled in favor of Edgewood I.S.D. stating that children living in poor districts had less access to an equal education

11. WISCONSIN VS. YODER  Who?- Jonas Yoder, Wallace Miller, and Adin Yutzy (Amish)  What?- Students were charged with violating a state law that required compulsory school attendance  When?- 1972  Where?- Green County, Wisconsin  Why?- Can a state law require that children attend school (violating the Amish rights under the 1st amendment/free exercise of religion)?  Impact- The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Amish children. The state law violates the children’s 1st amendment right.