1. Chapter 3 Anatomy of Cells
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2. Functional Anatomy of Cells
The typical cell
Also called composite cell
Characteristics
Varies in size and shape
Microscope
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3. Functional Anatomy of Cells
Cell structures
Plasma membrane - surrounds the cell
Cytoplasm - contains cytosol and organelles
Nucleus - contains genetic information
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4. Cell Membranes
Membranes
Plasma membrane
Membranous organelles
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5. Fluid mosaic model Arranged in double-layered sheet Fluid -
the molecules are able to float around slowly
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6. Cell Membranes characteristics
Chemical attractions hold membranes together
“rafts”
“Rafts” may pinch inward, bringing material into the cell or organelle
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7. Primary structure - double layer of phospholipid molecules
Heads are hydrophilic (water-loving)
Tails are hydrophobic (water-fearing)
Surrounded in water
Embedded
Cholesterol
membrane proteins
carbohydrates
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8. Cytoplasm Cytoplasm— Intracellular gel-like fluid called cytosol
organelles suspended in cytosol
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9. Two major groups of organelles
Membranous organelles - sacs and canals
Nonmembranous organelles - made of filaments
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10. Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum canals with membranous walls
Proteins move through the canals
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11. 2 Types of endoplasmic reticulum - Rough and smooth
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Has Ribosomes
Ribosomes synthesize proteins
Function in protein synthesis and intracellular transportation
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12. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
No ribosomes
Functions
Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
Removes and stores Calcium from cell’s interior.
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13. Ribosomes Two types: Made of two pieces,
Attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum
Free, scattered through the cytoplasm
Made of two pieces,
a large subunit and a small subunit;
each subunit is composed of rRNA
Function
Make proteins for export or cell use
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14. Golgi Apparatus
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15. Golgi apparatus Membranous organelle Consist of cisternae (tiny sacs)
Proteins leave endoplasmic reticulum and go to golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus processes protein which leave in a vesicle to be secreted outside cell
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16. The inner life of the cell
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17. Lysosomes - suicide sacs
membranous sacs that have “pinched off” from Golgi apparatus
lysosomes digest defective cell parts
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18. Peroxisomes Cylinders found in cytoplasm
sacs containing enzymes that detoxify harmful substances
In kidney and liver cells
Break down
abnormal/misfolded proteins or normal proteins no longer needed by cell
Break apart peptide bonds
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19. Mitochondria
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20. Look like small sausages Two membranes forming a sac within a sac
Mitochondria
Look like small sausages
Two membranes forming a sac within a sac
The “power plants” of cells
Contains enzymes that make ATP
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21. Nucleus
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22. Nucleus
Surrounded by a membrane with tiny holes or pores (nuclear envelope)
Contains DNA (heredity molecules)
Chromatin - threadlike material
Chromosomes - tightly coiled chromatin
Function of nucleus - to contain the DNA
DNA is the master code for making all proteins of cell
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23. Cytoskeleton
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24. Cytoskeleton Smallest cell fibers are microfilaments
The cell’s internal supporting framework
Cell fibers
Smallest cell fibers are microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules - arranged in spiral
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25. Centrosome Nonmembranous organelles Plays a role in cell division
Located near nucleus
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26. Cell extensions
There are three types
Microvilli
Cilia
flagella
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27. Cell connections Three types Desmosomes Gap junctions Tight junctions
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28. Cell Connections Desmosome Gap junctions Tight junctions collar
“tunnels”
Tight junctions
Prevents molecules from moving between
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29. Introduction to the Microscope
Care
Parts
Focusing
Students will have their microscopes out, for reference as we go through each of the steps. As an introduction, students will be asked what kinds of things they can do with this tool.
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30. Microscope Care Always carry with 2 hands
Only use lens paper for cleaning
Do not force knobs
Always store covered
Keep objects clear of desk and cords
Teacher demonstrates how to hold the microscope, where the lens paper is located and how to use it. Students will be invited to turn the knobs and observe the stage as it moves up and down. Teacher will demonstrate how to store the microscope.
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31. Microscope Parts Eyepiece Body Tube Revolving Nosepiece Arm
Objective Lens
Stage
Stage Clips
Coarse Focus
This is the exact version of the microscope used in class. Students will be identifying the parts on the microscopes at their desks as we go along and what their functions are.
Diaphragm
Fine Focus
Light
Base
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32. Using the Microscope Place the Slide on the Microscope Use Stage Clips
Click Nosepiece to the lowest (shortest) setting
Look into the Eyepiece
Use the Coarse Focus
Give students a slide from the “common things” set, each student will practice focusing and changing objectives.
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33. Using High Power Follow steps to focus using low power
Click the nosepiece to the longest objective
Do NOT use the Coarse Focusing Knob
Use the Fine Focus Knob to bring the slide
Have students exchange slides so they can look at different things, walk them through using the high power objective to focus slides. Emphasize not using the coarse objective during this process, as it will crack the slides.
What can you find on your slide?
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34. Images Produced by Electron Microscopes
Cyanobacteria
(TEM)
Lactobacillus
(SEM)
Campylobacter
(SEM)
Deinococcus
(SEM)
Avian influenza
virus
House ant
Yeast
Human eyelash
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35. Parts of the microscope
Ocular lens (eyepiece)
Arm
Objective Lenses
Stage clip
Stage
Course adjustment
Diaphragm
Fine adjustment
Light Source
Base
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36. Relative sizes and detection devices
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