1. ROAD USER CHARGING IN CITIES The potential of EGNOS/Galileo 22/4/2010 Brussels GNSS for INnovative Road Applications

2. GNSS for Innovative road Applications Company’s logo 13/09/2015Page 2 72% of EU’s population lives in cities 85% of EU’s GDP produced in cities Urban centres – a crucial factor for Europe’s economy Urban centres suffering from increasing levels of congestion 40% of CO 2 emissions and 70% of emissions of other air pollutants from road transport are due to urban traffic. One in every three fatal road traffic accidents happens in urban areas THE ECONOMIC ROLE OF CITIES. URBAN CONTEXT OF TRANSPORT RUC IN CITIES. THE POTENTIAL OF EGNOS/GALILEO. THE GINA PROJECT

3. GNSS for Innovative road Applications Company’s logo 13/09/2015Page 3 TRANSPORT: THE FUTURE URBAN CONTEXT Demand of transport is expected to increase Despite ageing, Europe’s citizens are becoming increasing mobile By 2050, 82% of the EU population will be living in cities So, what is the way forward? Need for sustainable transport Reconcile economic with environmental objectives Strike balance between increasing need for mobility and the growing carbon footprint RUC IN CITIES. THE POTENTIAL OF EGNOS/GALILEO. THE GINA PROJECT

4. GNSS for Innovative road Applications Company’s logo 13/09/2015Page 4 ROAD PRICING: EU POLICY OVERVIEW July 2008: Greening Transport Package – Eurovignette III June 2009: Communication on the Future of Transport September 2009 Urban Mobility Action Plan RUC IN CITIES. THE POTENTIAL OF EGNOS/GALILEO. THE GINA PROJECT

5. GNSS for Innovative road Applications Company’s logo 13/09/2015Page 5 GNSS ROAD PRICING: THE NATIONAL CONTEXT Different existing initiatives and others coming soon. Examples: –Germany (2005): charging of HGV>12t –Slovakia (2010): charging of HGV>3,k5 t on selected corridors Ambitious Dutch Plan for nationwide pay-per-km by 2012! –Projected reduction of km driven by 15% –Projected reduction of CO2 emissions by 10% –Projected reduction of congestion by 50% Still challenges for a GNSS-based nationwide RUC scheme: The economic and technical feasibility of large scale scheme remains uproven No tangible evidence confirming that GNSS RUC will reduce congestion and pollution RUC IN CITIES. THE POTENTIAL OF EGNOS/GALILEO. THE GINA PROJECT

6. GNSS for Innovative road Applications Company’s logo A high percentage of the vehicles that are within the geo-object have to be identified as such (Toll Charger not to loose income) GNSS is mainly used in EFC systems for: ALWAYS: Detection that vehicle is using the charging infrastructure (or a part subject to special tariff) -> “geo-object” identification. IN DBC: Measurement of travelled distance within this infrastructure GNSS based position is subject to (potentially large) errors that can provoke a wrong distance measurement or, worse, a wrong detection -> A “normal” GPS receiver is not enough! Protecting the mentioned interests implies that the impact (probability) of those wrong identifications is properly bounded: USE OF GNSS FOR RUC - TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES 15/04/2010Page 6 RUC IN CITIES. THE POTENTIAL OF EGNOS/GALILEO. THE GINA PROJECT Only an extremely low probability should be allowed for vehicles that are not within the geo-object to be identified as within the object (User not to be overcharged; system credibility)

7. GNSS for Innovative road Applications Company’s logo GNSS-BASED RUC: SOLUTIONS FOR DIFFICULTIES DETECTED 1)Use of additional sensors in the OBU and/or infrastructure plus limiting the use to a particular (highway) network. Higher cost than in a “GNSS only” solution. 2) Use of advanced data processing algorithms focused on position reliability. A reliable position (input) will ensure a reliable charging computation (output). 15/04/2010Page 7 Error Real position GNSS solution =>The GINA solution RUC IN CITIES. THE POTENTIAL OF EGNOS/GALILEO. THE GINA PROJECT

8. GNSS for Innovative road Applications Company’s logo THE GINA SOLUTION Receiver computes not only position (as all receivers do) but it is also able to bound the position error: each epoch Rx computes a circle in which the real position is guaranteed to be with a very high probability e.g. 99.999% The identification of Geo-objects is based on the use of these circles. Since the real position is guaranteed to be within these circles with a very high probability, the geo-fencing process becomes highly reliable. 15/04/2010Page 8 GINA proposes to use the second type of solutions using the so called “position integrity” that is a concept introduced by civil aviation for safety critical applications (and for which EGNOS is designed!) RUC IN CITIES. THE POTENTIAL OF EGNOS/GALILEO. THE GINA PROJECT

9. GNSS for Innovative road Applications Company’s logo 13/09/2015Page 9 THE GINA PROJECT APPROACH AND INNOVATION –GINA:  Collaborative Project, 24 months  2.2 M€ (~1.3 M€ funded)  12 partners / 7 countries, whole value chain –GINA: project co-funded by GSA/EC, FP7 GALILEO Call 1, coordinated by GMV –Collaborative Project, Activity: Exploiting the full potential, Area: Mass Market Applications, Topic: GALILEO-2007-1.1-01 Innovative GNSS-based Road Applications RUC IN CITIES. THE POTENTIAL OF EGNOS/GALILEO. THE GINA PROJECT

10. GNSS for Innovative road Applications Company’s logo 13/09/2015Page 10 GINA OBJECTIVES Main project objectives: Analysis of context of a nation-wide GNSS-based RUC (and VAS) with especial emphasis on market and business potential Trials: Dutch ABvM as a reference A solid dissemination strategy With the purpose of Proving the technical feasibility and economical viability of a large scale, GNSS-only road pricing scheme (alternatives to GNSS are being considered by authorities) Identifying the potential benefits related to congestion and pollution management Demonstrating the possibility of VAS running on a road pricing operating platform, as well as the use of the same on board equipment shared by different applications Understanding the added value of the EU technology in terms of performance or cost improvement compared to GPS-only. RUC IN CITIES. THE POTENTIAL OF EGNOS/GALILEO. THE GINA PROJECT

11. GNSS for Innovative road Applications Company’s logo 13/09/2015Page 11 THE TRIALS –Large scale demonstrator at national scale (in Netherlands) for RUC and VAS. –OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate how and with what performance GNSS technology based on European GNSS infrastructure can support the implementation of a RUC scheme and justify its added value as compared with GPS-only (performance and cost improvement) –2 trials levels: 05/03/2010 RUC IN CITIES. THE POTENTIAL OF EGNOS/GALILEO. THE GINA PROJECT

12. GNSS for Innovative road Applications Company’s logo Page 12 THE EXHAUSTIVE TRIALS  Objectives: 1.GNSS performance evaluation: GNSS accuracy, GNSS integrity (integrity risk, size and availability of PLs). 2.Distance measurement performance: accuracy of distance measurements 3.Geo-objects identification performance: distance measurement once geo-object identified, wrong identification / misidentification of geo-objects 4.Charging performance: overall distance measurement accuracy, overall charging measurement accuracy, overcharging performance 4 configurations GPS/ EGNOS, CANBUS (yes / no)  2 vehicles (Navteq, GMV) equipped with I-20 OBUs + high performance reference equipment  3 test routes to challenge GNSS accuracy and/or availability and representative of conditions likely to be faced by drivers in NL (>20 repetitions)  Geo-objects for each route with challenging environments for GNSS  Post-processing of data => increased flexibility in the analysis  Exhaustive trials campaign finished. Analysis on-going No. Vehicles PeriodVehicles& drivers VASReference Systems CANBUSEvaluationScenarios 2 4 weeks Controlled by project NOYES GNSS performance Routes defined by project 05/03/2010 RUC IN CITIES. THE POTENTIAL OF EGNOS/GALILEO. THE GINA PROJECT

13. GNSS for Innovative road Applications Company’s logo THE EXHAUSTIVE TRIALS (II) Motorway, Urban Amsterdam

14. GNSS for Innovative road Applications Company’s logo THE EXHAUSTIVE TRIALS (III) Urban, The Hague

15. GNSS for Innovative road Applications Company’s logo THE EXHAUSTIVE TRIALS (IV) Urban, Motorway - Rotterdam

16. GNSS for Innovative road Applications Company’s logo Page 16 THE END2END TRIALS No. Vehicles PeriodVehicles& drivers VASReference Systems CANBUSEvaluationScenarios 100 6 months Volunteers (ARVAL customers) YESNO Application level Uncontrolled, not fixed  Objectives 1.“Soft” analysis: Overall assessment of capabilities of the system from different perspectives (including capability to generate invoices, evaluation of drivers reaction and feedback, provisioning of added-value services, effects of interferences in system performance etc.) 2.Data analysis: exhaustive performance analysis for those variables with no need of a reference system (including estimation of overcharging performance, capability of getting repeatable results for same conditions etc.)  100 vehicles fitted with I-20 OBUs  Drivers: ARVAL’s customers: volunteers driving as usual.  Periodic feedback by means of anonymous questionnaires => soft & data analysis + relevant inputs for business and exploitation plan  Status:Installation of I-20 in 100 vehicles currently on-going. Until Sept. 2010 Confidential 05/03/2010 RUC IN CITIES. THE POTENTIAL OF EGNOS/GALILEO. THE GINA PROJECT

17. GNSS for Innovative road Applications Company’s logo 13/09/2015Page 17 IMPACT ON POLLUTION AND CONGESTION MANAGEMENT While debate on “Eurovignette” Directive which lays down common rules on pricing of transport infrastructure, motivated by the “greening” of surface transport and the need to internalise external costs:  Pollution / Noise / Traffic congestion CO2 emissions: car model + driving behaviour Data collected during GINA trials processed to relate RUC and VAS with pollution and congestion GNSS + CANbus information + drivers’ feedback => how “green” driving of trials participants has been RUC IN CITIES. THE POTENTIAL OF EGNOS/GALILEO. THE GINA PROJECT

18. GNSS for Innovative road Applications Company’s logo Dissemination and exploitation –Traditional dissemination channels: webiste, PR, newsletters, specialised press –In addition, dedicated communication channel with ‘selected’ group of end users who have shown an interest in the technology, commercially speaking –September 2010 – Focussed workshop to present the results of the trials to ‘selected’ group. –Beginning 2011: Stakeholders conference

20. Thank you k.diamandouros@erf.be